Evaluation of theories and practices of Councelling

Evaluation of theories and practices of CouncellingDiscuss two climb upes, evaluate their theory and practice. Which approach is your preference and why?direction has been defined by the British crosstie for focus and Psych otherwiseapy (BACP, 2009) as talking therapy, which involves a contractual placement between the therapist and the node where they meet, in privacy and confidence, to explore a difficulty or distress the client may be experiencing (p. 1). It plant life by means of the development of a remedy family family whereby the guidance actively and attentively listens to the client in order to gain insight and savvy into the difficulties the client is face uped with, from the clients perspective. Using different techniques, the counselor can try to befriend the client to work through with(predicate) these difficulties, to understand them, and to solve them or accede them, depending on what the difficulties be. Importantly, rede does non work by the pro vision of advice or direction instead, the counseling helps the client to gain mastery in directive their own lives.Counselling can be short-term or long-term, as well as single(a) or declare oneselfd to families, couples, or organisations (Coren, 2001). Counselling techniques and methods leave vary according to the approach or theoretical basis from which a counsellor works. Examples of different approaches to commission include cognitive- deportmental therapy, solution-focused direction, art therapy, person-centred charge, psychodynamic counselor, and trauma therapy. A counsellor might adopt one approach within only of their work or take an eclectic approach whereby the theoretical mannikin adopted depends on the client (e.g. their age) or the difficulty (e.g. depression, phobia).The two counselling approaches discussed within this essay are person-centred counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. The theory underlying these approaches go bulge be outlined, follo wed by examples of techniques used, and evidence of efficacy.Person-centred counselling, also known as client-centred or Rogerian counselling, is a humanistic approach to counselling founded by Carl Rogers in the mid-fifties (Rogers, 1951). The approach is based on the self-assertion that human beings are experts of themselves and that they demand access to their own innate(p) expert resources of self-understanding and self-direction. The role of the counsellor is gum olibanum to provide a facilitative environment and relationship for the client to adventure these resources within themselves.In order to provide this facilitative environment and relationship, the counsellor basis their interactions with the client on three key principles1) They are appropriate (genuine) with the client, which can involve the counsellor showing their own human traits through appropriate and well-timed personal disclosure. This contrasts many other approaches to counselling, which tend to provok e a to a greater extent formal relationship between counsellor and client.2) They provide unconditional positive regard, even if a client divulges something that the counsellor disagrees with the counsellor remains accepting and caring of the client. Rogers believed this was important for clients to grow and reach their fully potential.3) They expressempathy (the ability to understand what the client is feeling) andunderstanding towards the client. By providing empathy, the clients feelings are validated, which can be an important part of moving through and beyond those feelings.These three key principles demonstrate how the primary focus in person-centred counselling is the relationship between the counsellor and client. The person-centred counsellor seeks to establish a swear relationship with the client in whom the client can gradually confront anxieties, confusion and other negative emotions.Central to person-centred counselling is the nonion of self-concept, which refers to the perceptions and beliefs the client holds about themselves. The self-concept is act upond by an individuals experience of the world and comprises three componentsSelf-worth (self-esteem) thoughts about the self, which develop in early childhood and from experiences with parents or guardians.Self-image perceptions of the self, including body image, which can influence personality.Ideal self the self a person would like to be, including goals and ambitions.Theself-conceptis not necessarily consistent with how others view the client, as is the case in batch with low self-esteem or conditions such as body dysmorphic unhinge (characterised by perceived defects in physical appearance). Rogers based person-centred counselling the assumption that all human beings are seeking a positive self-concept (self-actualisation). It is this innate motivation towards self-fulfilment that is nurtured during person-centred counselling, with the emphasis again being on the clients own resources. Rogers has been criticised for having an also optimistic view of human beings (Chantler, 2004), as well as management too much on a clients warning self without considering whether this ideal self is realistic (Wilkins, 2003). However, despite this criticism, there is strong evidence musical accompaniment the efficacy of the person-centred approach, including a UK-based meta-analysis of scientific studies (Elliot and Freire, 2008). This meta-analysis demonstrated large pre- and post- changes in healing(p) outcomes that were maintained in the long-term.Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was founded in the 1960s by Aaron Beck when he ascertained that during counselling sessions, his clients tended to have an inhering dialogue that was often negative and self-defalimentation. Furthermore, this inwrought dialogue was observed to influence behaviour. This led to the hypothesis that changing these internal dialogues would lead to changes in behaviour. Thus, CBT focuses on the thou ghts, images, beliefs and attitudes held by the client and how these relate to the clients behaviour or way of dealing with emotional problems.CBT takes a problem-solving approach to counselling, where the client and counsellor work cooperatively to understand problems and to develop strategies for tackling them. Clients are taught by counsellors, through guidance and modelling, a new set of skills that they can utilise when confronted with a particular problem. These skills are often focused on reframing negative self-talk in an effort to change ones interpretation of the problem. An event is not necessarily the problem, merely more so the individuals interpretation of the event.CBT focuses on the present rather than the past, still does examine how self-defeating thinking patterns might have been formed in early childhood and the impact patterns of thinking might have on how the world is interpreted in the present, as an adult. These patterns of thinking can hence be challenge d by the counsellor and altered to fit the present.Taking a problem-solving approach means that CBT can offer utile outcomes in relatively short periods of time, most often 3-6 months. As an example, interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders has been found to take 8-12 weeks longer than CBT in order to achieve parallel outcomes (Agras et al., 2000). This is an obvious advantage the CBT approach has over other forms of counselling, making it a popular technique and the leading discussion for some mental health issues, such as binge-eating syndrome (Wilson, Grilo, and Vitousek, 2007). The technique has even been incorporated into health interventions designed to assist overweight and obese individuals in losing weight (Wylie-Rosett et al., 2001) and to speed dope cessation initiatives (Sussman, Ping, and Dent, 2006).CBT differs from other counselling approaches in that sessions have a social organisation, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to m ind. At the beginning of counselling, the client meets the counsellor so that they can collaboratively set therapeutic goals to work towards. These goals then become the basis for planning the content of sessions as well as for assigning homework between sessions. The reason for having this structure is that it helps to use the therapeutic time efficiently and ensures that important information is not overlooked. Homework between sessions enables the client to practice and gain mastery in new skills with the opportunity to discuss any problems encountered in the next session. The counsellor takes a more active role at the beginning of counselling and as skills are mastered and the client grasps the principles they find helpful, the client is support to take more responsibility for the content of sessions. The aim is that when the therapeutic relationship comes to an end, the client is sufficiently empowered to continue workingindependently.CBT also differs from other approaches in the nature of the relationship between counsellor and client. Some counselling approaches encourage the client to depend on the counsellor, as part of the treatment process, in an effort to build trust. CBT favours a more equal relationship that is more formal, problem-focused and practical. Such a relationship has been coined by Beck as collaborative empiricism, which emphasises the importance of client and counsellor working together to test out how the ideas behind CBT might apply to the clients individual circumstances (Beck, et al., 1979, Chap. 3).As demonstrated, patient-centred counselling and CBT are very different approaches to counselling, both in terms of structure and the role of the counsellor. In terms of preference, it could be argued that both are valuable, effective approaches to counselling. Evidence shows that they both work and thus preference would be fall apart decided with consideration of the client and their individual needs. Whilst person-centred counsell ing might be preferable for a client with trust issues or who requires extensive enquiry of past trauma, CBT might be preferable for someone with an immediate problem or phobia to solve or someone whose problems are in the beginning governed by negative self-talk. Since CBT works with cognitions and behaviour and person-centred counselling works more with affect and emotion, their application needs to be based on individual context.Agras, W.S., et al., 2000. A multicentre comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, pp.459-466.Beck, A. T., et al., (1979).Cognitive therapy of depression. New York Guilford Press.British Association of Counselling Psychotherapy 2009. Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy. Available from http//www.bacp.co.uk cited 09 January 2010.Chantler, K., 2004. Double-edged sword power and person-centred counselling. In Moodley, R., Lago, C., and T alahite, A. eds. Carl Rogers counsels a blue client. Herefordshire PCCS Books.Coren, A., 2001. Short- Term Psychotherapy A Psychodynamic Approach. Palgrave Publishers Ltd.Elliott, R. and Freire, B., 2008. Person-Centred Experiential Therapies Are Highly useful Summary of the 2008 Meta-analysis. http//www.bapca.co.uk/uploads/files/Meta-Summary091708.doc. cited 09 January 2011.Rogers, Carl.,1951. Client-centered Therapy Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London Constable.Sussman, S., Sun, P., and Dent, C. W., 2006. A meta-analysis of teen cigarette smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25(5), pp.549-557.Training and careers in counselling and psychotherapy (BACP) 2009. online. http//www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/811_t1.pdf cited 09 January 2011.Wilkins P.2003 Person-centred therapy in focus. London SAGE publicationsWilson, G.T., Grilo, C.M., and Vitousek, K.M. 2007. Psychological treatment of eating disorders. TheAmerican diary of Psychology, 62, pp.199-216.W ylie-Rosett., et al., 2001. Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time. Journal of American dietetic Association, 101, pp. 1155-1162.