Does Abortion Have Severe Psychological Effects? Essays -- essays rese

miscarriage is the termination of a pregnancy by destruction of a fertilized egg, embryo or fetus before birth, prior to the time when the fetus attains viability, or capacity for life outside the uterus (Encyclopedia, 1995, p.43). Currently al about twenty-five percent of pregnancies in the joined States ar aborted. About one forth of people who abort are teenagers, fifty-s however percent are younger than 25, and almost eighty percent are unmarried. During the first trimester is when most of the abortions take place. Only some ten percent are performed later in the pregnancy (Slife, 1998, p.329). Abortions go back as off the beaten track(predicate) as Ancient Greece where it was used as a type of population control. Then in the Roman Times men had total control everywhere the procedure. Man could give law-enforced command that his wife have an abortion, or he could punish or divorce his wife for having one without his consent (Encyclopedia, 1995, p.43). Today legion(predica te) people ask the question, does abortion have severe psychological effects? People that are pro-life claim that most women who abort their unborn squirt suffer from many negative effects, such as wrongy feelings, anxiety, depression, loss, anger and even suicide. In one case a woman had an abortion take for granted that it would take away all of the stress of being pregnant and thinking about the consequences of having a child. Afterwards she said, I was unprepared for the maze of emotions that hit me subsequently I had the procedure. Instead of feeling relieved, I was awash in anxiety and confusion (Lawlor, 2002, par.3). The disorder of having negative effects after an abortion is called Post Abortion Syndrome or PAS. In order to tell if a woman has PAS she has to be completely honest with herself and admit the feelings that she has. The symptoms that most women have are strong feelings of guilt and confusion. Some cases are much more extreme, for example, there was a sevente en year old who developed lethargy, malaise, and vomiting. Doctors where unable to reach a conclusion about her condition until the anniversary of her abortion when she experienced overt psychosis. Mental examinations also revealed signs of hallucinations, as well as psychotic thought processes. Research has shown that in most cases women will go on and say they are fine about the whole thing, and many years later be ... ...then you will non even think twice about having one. I dont agree with abortions at a certain extent. If I got pregnant I am not sure what I would do because I wouldnt want to grow up that fast, and I would want to finish college and get a best ancestry that way I know for sure I could support my child like I would want to, but if I did have a good job and me and my boyfriend had a steady relationship, then abortion wouldnt even cross my mind.4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Speckhand and Rues proposal that post abortion syndrome occurs in some wom en following abortion?I think they did a very good job of describing what post abortion is and what affects it has on women, but I think they could have done a better job of what causes women to have post abortion like Adler did in his argument. ReferencesEncyclopedia Americana. (1995). Definition of Abortion. (pp.43). Danbury, CT Groiler inc.Lawlor, Jessica. (2002). hanker Term Physiological and Psychological Effects of Abortion on Women. Retrieved March 21, 2001 from http//www.cirtl.org/syndrome.htmSlife, B., Ed. (1998). Taking Sides Clashing Views on Controversial Psychological Issues, 10th ed. (pp.329-350). Gui

Gonorrhea Essay -- STD Sexually Transmitted Disease

Approximately 1 million new cases of this disease are reported each year in the United States, and public wellness experts estimate that an additional million or more gonorrhea infections go unreported each year. Although these numbers seem very large, the disease occurs less ofttimes now than it did in the early 1980s. The rate of infection among young unmarried people between the ages of 15 and 24, however it remains very high. Study results released in 1988 by the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute for Health Policy estimate that $ 1 billion is now being spent each year in the United States for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is caused by bacteria. It is almost always spread through sexual activity involving direct contact with mucous membranes. It is promptly transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse. The cervix, the urinary tract, the mouth, and the rectum provide ideal points of entry for the disease. In woman, the most common site of infection is the cervix . In men , it is the uretha . The infection can be spread from a mans penis to the throat of his sex supply , it is much less credibly that a man will contract or spread the disease by performing oral sex on a female partner . This disease can also be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirthThe greatest danger for the newborn is blindness , but this can be prevented by placing a few drops of sil...

Essay on Everyday Use, Daffodils, and The Glass Menagerie

Lessons From Everyday handling, Daffodils, and The Glass Menagerie   Literature plays a major role in civilization.  Even societies without a written language have literature.  Stories, poems and songs ar pasted down orally from one generation to another.  This term we have study three forms of literature short stories, poems, and drama.  The study of these three forms has affected me in different ways and I have taken different lessons out of all(prenominal) form.  The three literary work witch had the greatest impact on me are Everyday Use written by Alice Walker, Daffodils written by William Wordsworth, and The Glass Menagerie written by Tennessee Williams.               Alice Walkers short story Everyday Use tells of a mother and her two daughters, Dee, who is polished, poise, educated and stylish, and Maggie who is not bright and scarred from a fire.  Dee and Maggie are opposites.  Dee has tried to make something of her self but in doing so forgot what it was that she came from.  Maggie has lived her life in the same way her mother has lived her life and in the same way her grandmother lived her life.  Maggie knows where she came from and does not feel the need to better her self.   Dee collects objects from her mothers digest to display around her own.  Maggie, being use to the stem of Dee getting her way, sits dumb founded while items are gathered by Dee.  Dee finally tries to take two quilts handcrafted by her grandmother.  The mother tries to convince her to take two different quilts but Dee refuses saying that they were made by machines and not worth as priceless as the others.&nbs... ...he schnoz breaks off, now it is just like the rest of the horses.  She starts to feel comfortable with him when he tells her of his engagement to a woman named Betty.  This makes her loose her self-confidence.  Despite of this a seed is plotted w ith in her that she is just like all the other girls and does not need to be so withdrawn.  The lesson in this play is that it is better to face your problems then fit in away from them.               The three works of literature, Everyday Use written by Alice Walker, Daffodils written by William Wordsworth, and The Glass Menagerie written by Tennessee Williams have each showed me something different.  Whether reading a short story or poem or watching a play there is always a lesson or idea to be gathered from literature.   

Teachers Assessment of Writing in English Essay -- narrative, philosop

The most difficult aspect of being an English give lessonser, for me, is assessing my bookmans piece of typography. I can remember, so clearly, the day my cooperating teacher handed me a pupils musical composition and said, Read this and give it a seduce. After reading it, I felt an overwhelming and uncomfortable power shadow over me. I didnt know the rules of sound judgement. What was I supposed to be looking for anyway? I was able to realize immediately that there is a certain(prenominal) dispute between knowing how to write an essay and knowing how to assess one.When I was asked what I finally came up with as a grade, I told her the student earn a B. She concord and I remember thinking to myself that maybe my task wasnt as difficult as I had thought moments before. Then, in force(p) when I thought the hard part was over, she asked me why I gave it a B. After giving her my reasons, she stated she was in agreement with me. At this point, I asked her what grade she had inclined it. She replied, B-. Now I was completely baffled. How could she agree with everything that I said and then give it a different grade?Whether or not teachers uniform to strike it, assessing writing is, in fact, a fragile issue as well as a partly subjective one. For instance, while my cooperating teacher agreed with my insight, she similarly thought that particular student should have applied more effort to the essay. After teaching this student for eight months already, she was aware of his capabilities as a author and expected more. Her reasoning was one that I would never have been able to develop since I was not as familiar with the student.Can the assessment of writing be accomplished in a fair manner? There is no doubt that readers are subjective viewers. It is an issue that we are unabl... ...rection. In this way, the students give earn higher grades and become better writers in the process. This direction through assessment will help lead students to success.T he use of assessment in writing remains a delicate topic for many teachers. However, with our help, it can grow to be a positive force in our students lives. Berlin once said, To teach writing is to teach a transformation of mankind. The importance of communication and success in our world is, indeed, a reality. Isnt the assessment of writing, after all, a version of reality as well? Arent we supposed to be preparing our students for their futures? Although assessing writing is not a simple task, it should not be viewed as unfair or unnecessary. Instead, we must(prenominal) consider it unfair and unjust to hide this reality from the students who will continually encounter it once they exit our classroom doors. Teachers Assessment of Writing in English Essay -- narrative, philosopThe most difficult aspect of being an English teacher, for me, is assessing my students writing. I can remember, so clearly, the day my cooperating teacher handed me a students writing and said, Read this and give it a grade. After reading it, I felt an overwhelming and uncomfortable power shadow over me. I didnt know the rules of assessment. What was I supposed to be looking for anyway? I was able to realize immediately that there is a definite difference between knowing how to write an essay and knowing how to assess one.When I was asked what I finally came up with as a grade, I told her the student earned a B. She agreed and I remember thinking to myself that maybe my task wasnt as difficult as I had thought moments before. Then, just when I thought the hard part was over, she asked me why I gave it a B. After giving her my reasons, she stated she was in agreement with me. At this point, I asked her what grade she had given it. She replied, B-. Now I was completely baffled. How could she agree with everything that I said and then give it a different grade?Whether or not teachers like to admit it, assessing writing is, in fact, a fragile issue as well as a partly su bjective one. For instance, while my cooperating teacher agreed with my insight, she also thought that particular student should have applied more effort to the essay. After teaching this student for eight months already, she was aware of his capabilities as a writer and expected more. Her reasoning was one that I would never have been able to develop since I was not as familiar with the student.Can the assessment of writing be accomplished in a fair manner? There is no doubt that readers are subjective viewers. It is an issue that we are unabl... ...rection. In this way, the students will earn higher grades and become better writers in the process. This direction through assessment will help lead students to success.The use of assessment in writing remains a delicate topic for many teachers. However, with our help, it can grow to be a positive force in our students lives. Berlin once said, To teach writing is to teach a version of reality. The importance of communication and succe ss in our world is, indeed, a reality. Isnt the assessment of writing, after all, a version of reality as well? Arent we supposed to be preparing our students for their futures? Although assessing writing is not a simple task, it should not be viewed as unfair or unnecessary. Instead, we must consider it unfair and unjust to hide this reality from the students who will continually encounter it once they exit our classroom doors.

Epic of Beowulf - Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From? Essa

Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From? The Christian influences in Beowulf ultimately came from the Christian/Catholic Church of Rome which converted Romans, and thereby the Roman legions and thereby the occupied provinces. Also the Christian/Catholic Bishop of Rome sent missionary priests and monks to the British Isles to proselytze the population. There are additional considerations too. First of all, let us be clear about the fact that the conversion of Britain to Christianity began quite early. The Catholic priest Venerable the Venerable Bede, born in Bernicia, Northumbria, around 673, states in Bk 1, Ch 4 of his ecclesiastic History of the face People that while Eleutherius was Bishop of Rome (175-189AD), a king of Britain named Lucius requested of the Pope that the king be baptized a Catholic by papal decree In the year of our Lord 156 Marcus Antoninus Verus was made emperor together with his brother Aurelius Commodus. He was the fourteenth after Augustus. In th eir time, while a holy man called Eleutherius was bishop of the church at Rome, Lucius, a king of Britain, sent him a letter praying him that he might be made a Christian by a rescript from him. His pious request was quickly granted and the Britons preserved the faith which they had received, inviolate and entire, in peace and quiet, until the time of the Emperor Diocletian. Bedes last sentence in the passage implies that Christianity had already been established in Britain for some time prior to Eleutherius occupying Peters chair from 175-189. This seems conjectural according to what is written by the historian Eusebius Pamphilus, bishop of Caesarea, in His Ecclesiastical History written in the 300s. The Ecclesiastical His... ...McClure, Judith, editors. Bede The Ecclesiastical History of the English People The Greater Chronicle Bedes Letter to Egbert. New York Oxford University Press, 1969. Eusebius Ecclesiastical History, translated by C.F. Cruse. Peabody, MS Hendrickson Pub lishers, 2000. Magoun, Frances P. Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry. In TheBeowulf Poet, modify by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Nero. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/. St. Patrick. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000

Epic of Beowulf - Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From? Essa

Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From? The Christian influences in Beowulf ultimately came from the Christian/Catholic Church of capital of Italy which converted Romans, and thereby the Roman legions and thereby the occupied provinces. Also the Christian/Catholic Bishop of Rome sent missionary priests and monks to the British Isles to proselytze the population. There are supernumerary considerations too. First of all, let us be clear about the fact that the conversion of Britain to Christianity began quite early. The Catholic priest Venerable Bede, born in Bernicia, Northumbria, near 673, states in Bk 1, Ch 4 of his ecclesiastical History of the English People that while Eleutherius was Bishop of Rome (175-189AD), a king of Britain named Lucius requested of the Pope that the king be baptized a Catholic by papal decree In the year of our Lord 156 Marcus Antoninus Verus was made emperor together with his brother Aurelius Commodus. He was the ordinal after Augustus. In their time, while a holy man called Eleutherius was bishop of the church at Rome, Lucius, a king of Britain, sent him a letter praying him that he talent be made a Christian by a rescript from him. His pious request was quickly granted and the Britons preserved the faith which they had received, inviolate and entire, in peace and quiet, until the time of the Emperor Diocletian. Bedes last sentence in the passage implies that Christianity had already been established in Britain for some time previous to Eleutherius occupying Peters chair from 175-189. This seems reasonable according to what is written by the historian Eusebius Pamphilus, bishop of Caesarea, in His Ecclesiastical History written in the 300s. The Ecclesiastical His... ...McClure, Judith, editors. Bede The Ecclesiastical History of the English People The Greater Chronicle Bedes Letter to Egbert. New York Oxford University Press, 1969. Eusebius Ecclesiastical History, translated by C.F. Cruse. Peabody, MS Hendrickson Publishers, 2000. Magoun, Frances P. Oral-Formulaic role of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry. In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Nero. The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/. St. Patrick. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000

History Class Presentation Essay

It is believed that Prussia achieved and safe(p)d lateralisation in Germany because of the role of von Bismarck, who got relieve of the opposition in the Parliament, strengthened the Prussian army, exploited Prussias economical development and won three wars to secure the unification of Germany. However, it is also argued that inter commonwealthal scenes too, helped Prussia make a star sign as the strongest nation in Europe.Firstly, Prussia managed to secure dominance in Germany due to Bismarcks carry out to get rid of the opposition in the government in order to pass the forces Bill. The Army Bill was needed to prepare for the army by increasing their size, re-equipping the army as well as to increase the years of service from 2-3 years. Bismarck got assume of the Army Bill by withdrawing it from the parliament and collected taxes to fund the army. Thus, Bismarcks role that got rid of opposition in the government do Prussia the strongest nation in Germany.Secondly, Prussia achieved and secured dominance in Germany by strengthening the Prussian army. He used the Army Bill to finance the army. Further more(prenominal), he was also helped by struggle Minister Von Roon who ensured that Prussian army were increased in number, better trained and well armed. In addition, General Helmuth Van Moltke, Chief of the General Staff helped by becoming the brain of Prussian army, laying plans for mobilisation and military operations. Therefore, Prussia achieved and secured dominance in Germany by strengthening Prussian army.Thirdly, Prussias economic exploitation by Bismarck was believed to be one of the reasons why Prussia had managed to achieve and secure dominance in 1848-1871. Bismarck had managed to manipulate the already-existing custom union known as Zollverein that advance free trade within the nation where international tariffs was abolished. Currencies, systems of weights and measurements were unified to promote easy trading within the Zollverein states. Number of railway networks increased and they become more efficient providing better access to coal, iron and steel transportation. Hence, Bismarcks economic reform became one of the reasons why Prussia was dominant in Germany.Lastly, Prussia had secured its dominance and made a mark as one of the strongest nation in Europe by winning three wars Danish War, Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. Firstly, Danish war bust out subsequently after King Fredrick of Denmarks decision to incorporate Schleswig with Denmark which violated the Treaty of London (1852). Despite the disunity and hostility a piddlest each other, Austria and Prussia had worked hand-in-hand to defeat Denmark. As a result, Austria took control over Holstein and Prussia, Schleswig. During the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia had provoked Austria to war by proposing a reorganisation in German Confederation which will exclude Austria, on June 10. overdue to the diplomatic isolation of Austria and their lack of a lliances, Prussia had the upper hand with modern weapons which resulted in Austrias defeat and the signing of Treaty of Prague (1866). Franco-Prussian War was a result of Bismarcks action who took proceeds of the Bad Ems Telegram which he edited with intention to insult France until they demanded war. The well-organised Prussian army with its allies easily destroyed France and plane gained control over Alsace-Lorraine. Therefore, Prussias victory in these three wars was one of the reasons why Prussia was the strongest nation in Europe during the period.However, it is also argued that the international scenes such as Britain, Russia, Italy and Austria, too, helped Prussia make a mark as one of the strongest nation in Europe. Firstly, Britains no-intervention constitution which is also known as an isolationist foreign policy was one of the reasons why Prussia had managed to secure its dominance in Germany. Britain was more concerned about her economical interest than her political interest. During twain the Danish and Austro-Prussian wars, Britain took no action at all despite Denmarks accusation for violating the Treaty of London (1852) prior to Danish War. Furthermore, Britains hostile relationship with France was clearly not an advantage to the French during the Franco-Prussian War. This, Britains no-intervention policy had helped Prussia to secure dominance in Germany.Moreover, Russias recovery from the Crimean War (1855) was one of the reasons why Prussia became dominant in Germany. During the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars, Russia had remained neutral as an exchange to Prussias neutrality during Russias Crimean War against France and Britain. Alexander Tsar had willingly paid Prussia for her neutrality in all affairs involving Prussia. Hence, Russias neutrality during Prussias wars against France and Austria was one of the reasons why, Prussia had managed to secure dominance in Germany.Thirdly, Italys involvement was one of the reasons why P russia had managed to secure dominance in Germany. In the Austro-Prussian war, Italy lent a helping hand to Bismarck to defeat Austria. Prussia took the advantage of Austrias weak defence when Austria had to deploy some troops to deal with the disturbance and riot in the Piedmontese-Austrian border which was organised by Italy. Furthermore, Italy was occupied with her own unification process whilst Prussia was securing its dominance in the German nation. Therefore, by having alliance with Italy during the Austro-Prussian war, Prussia achieved and secured dominance in Germany.Lastly, both Austrians assistance and situation had assisted Prussia to become one of the strongest nations in Europe. Despite the hostility with Austria, Prussia had co-operated together with Austria in the Danish War to gain Schleswig. In return, Austria governed Holstein. Moreover, Austria was weakened after the war against Prussia in which they were defeated due to their incapability to cope against Prussias well-organised military system and modernised weaponries. Thus, Prussia managed to achieve and secure dominance with Austrias help and by taking advantage of Austrias weakened state.In conclusion, Prussia achieved and secured dominance in Germany due to the role of Bismarck who got rid of opposition in the Parliament, strengthened Prussian army, exploited Prussias economic development and won three wars. In addition, international scenes too, helped Prussia make a mark as the strongest nation in Europe.

Donna Tartt’s The Secret History Essay

Nietzsches philosophy has made for itself a unique cornerstone in the sense that it is non involved with pedantic aspects of ethics and other branches of epistemology. This seminal German thinker moves swiftly along majority of philosophical schools of thought. His exploration of the definitive elements in literature, as found in the ancient classical society, is manifested beautifully in Birth of Tragedy. The longstanding debate betwixt the subjectivity and the objectivity of art is addressed to critically by Nietzsche in this book.The basic idea he propagates in Birth of Tragedy involves reality with forms and the same without, and the comparison therein. Known as the Dionysian and the Apollonian, this classical Hellenic model sums up humankinds perpetual struggle to arrive at a state of equilibrium. Nietzsche argues that in our effort to pursue a meaningful existence, we need to discard the preposterous viewpoints of the Apollonian and have to embrace the Dionysian. Similar t houghts are expressed in Hermann Hesses illustrious work Steppenwolf which thematically deals with the Nietzschean Apollonian versus the Dionysian.The booster dose Haller is psychologically preoccupied with dickens contrasting facets of personality the sensible and logical faculty of mind as opposed to the passionate and appetitive. Nietzsche assigns the terms Apollonian and Dionysian to these two primal worldviews of Greek disaster. This essay is going to make a comparative study between the Apollonian and the Dionysian with reference to modern literature. To make the comparison, we have elect Donna Tartts The Secret invoice, one of the originative post-modern fictions from the fatalistic school of literary works.In m any ways, this novel echoes the Athenian concept of fate as beingness an overpowering element responsible for altering the desirable course of events. Idiosyncrasy is the key conceptual component in Nietzsches ethical doctrines. Time and again, he questions the acceptability of the prevalent trends that outline the social norms and fashions. What is far less understood in a generic attempt manifests itself intelligibly when associated with a context. Nietzsche does non bring in us with a systematic theory of knowledge.Any attempt to construct one on the basis of his scattered remarks, aphorisms, poetry, and myth would be a difficult, if non impossible, task. It would, above all, be contrary to the intention of his thought and lead to a distortion of his views. Nietzsche, as Walter Kaufmann rightly asserts, is not a system builder, but a problem thinker. (Pfeffer, p. 95-96) Now in the context of the ancient Greek anthology, both(prenominal) the Apollonian and the Dionysian worldviews were present, resulting in a clash of ideologies. Nietzsche borrows these two terms from the two Greek gods Apollo and Dionysus.The former symbolically represents clarity of form and commentary, and wherefore is suggestive of a linear human personality. Dionysus, on the other hand, stands for frolic and extravagance, hinting at the presence of duple personalities within a single entity. On one hand he is the god of chaos and unrestrained emotions. But at the same time, he is as well as the divine countenance of richness and productivity. Hence the Dionysian school of thought deals with formlessness of expression which is closer to art perceived from an unbiased and liberal standpoint.Greek tragedy in its heydays attained sublimity when the two distinctive art forms merged with one another to form a seamless continuum. The beginning of Athenian tragedy was hinged on the Dionysian tradition before the other one sprang up, neutralizing the discordant elements. In a way, fluidity of the Dionysian elements seek platitude through with(predicate) the Apollonian directness. It was a social function of great curiosity for Nietzsche that such contrasting ideologies should ever be able to define tragedy (Pfeffer, p. 32).The flowing natur e of Greek opera is worth mentioning in the context of the Dionysian. Music to a great extent is governed by the freedom of form and expression. Normative aspects of the Apollonian do not comply with the ecstatic jubilance conveyed through music. It evokes directly to mans impulsive and spontaneous nature and hence, is not limited to the external forces of reason and dependence. The ingrained harmony in music is therefore counterbalanced by the Apollonian concept of plastic arts and epic poetry.What makes Greek tragedy a culmination of the Apollonian and the Dionysian is that the poetic genre characterized by conclude can actually strike a harmonious chord and reach a level of elevated intensity as well as great profundity. So the expansive verticality of this blending highlights Nietzsches exemplary vision of thought and his engineering capacity to induct precision qualities into the philosophy of literature. His unique interpretation of art and tragedy is not based on the conven tional techniques.Rather it dissociates itself from the content and creates an aura of universality which can be aptly applied to any epoch of literary practices After recognizing this immense antithesis, I felt a deep need to explore the nature of Greek tragedy which is the profoundest manifestation of the Hellenic genius only now did I seem to possess the key to probe deeply into the essential problems of tragedy that were no longer derived from conventional aesthetics. (Pfeffer, p. 32) What is say in the previous part of discussion is affirmed furthermore by Ansell-Pearson in A companion to Nietzsche.In Birth of Tragedy, he develops a elan which is not only mechanical in discourse, but also highly sporadic in terms of articulating the individualistic notions so distinctive of Nietzsche (Ansell-Pearson, p. 58). The metaphysical voice of Nietzsche deviates from what the contemporary philosophers such as Schopenhauer propagated in their doctrines. Many Greek authors, Euripides fo r instance, viewed the cosmos as a continuous process of creation primarily in ossification with the Apollonian traits.The Dionysian break down of form is not associated with the fictional content of human existence. The antithetical elements inherent in any human being are over purported by Euripides in Bacchae. Claims made by Kant and Goethe that form and matter are irreversible in nature are given a refresh new direction by Nietzsche in Birth of Tragedy. He establishes a linkage between what Euripides calls organic fiction and plurality of human nature. He does not try to draw any kind of imposed distinction between the two incongruous constructs.Euripides Bacchae does not fit into Nietzsches delineation of metaphysics. If we strive to look into Bacchae in the light of the Apollonian and the Dionysian derivatives, we would be able to see clearly into the dubiousness of the latter one. Chronicling the historical event of Dionysus arrival to the royal court of Greece, Euripides p resents a controversial topic involving mans stance in relation with god. Even though this drama is written to question many of the old systems of belief, what clay extremely perplexing is the playwrights ultimate focus.Euripides questions the vague borderline between intellect and feeling, reality and vision, and logic and craziness. But at the same time, he refrains from arriving at any conclusive outcome that would give a clue to the reason behind mankinds endless misery. What Donna Tartt portrays in The Secret History resembles the thematic literary genealogy of Bacchae. The idea which is propagated through this novel involves the secularism of spirit as the ultimate winner in modern world. The sheer fatality of occurrences at random does not leave a chance of revisiting the past to find plausible explanations.In this sense, this novel is comparable with Birth of Tragedy and its promotion of the Dionysian worldview. This novel can be seen as a modernistic attempt to recreate th e primitive world of the Dionysian rites and rituals. On the surface it is just a murder mystery which does not deserve any deeper analysis. But Tartt invests in this apparent murder mystery a profound understanding of the Apollonian versus the Dionysian, and the confrontation between reality and imagination, between social impositions and the human longing for liberation.Aristotles viewpoint on the Catharsis is also dealt with effectively, creating an opening for interpreting life outside the peach of literary premises. A deeper understanding of The Secret History is bound to reveal the classical and literary elements explored in the novel. The etymology of this representative work is closely analogous to both Nietzsches Birth of Tragedy and Euripides Bacchae. It is indeed fascinating to find a connective bonding with two earlier works dissimilar in nature. early and foremost, Nietzsches confrontation with disillusionment in the context of Athenian literature dominated by the Apol lonian worldview is stripped off in The Secret History. Events occurring within a timeline which is non-linear in nature do not imply Schopenhauers doctrine of the world as maya (Segal, p. 361). The gradual disorientation of the lives of six students predates Nietzsches preoccupation with respondent the question involving human individualism and its manifold expressions.The Secret History propels the earlier school of thought introduced by Schopenhauer Although Nietzsche frequently speaks of illusion in connection with Dionysus and tragedy, he has in mind Schopenhauers notions of the world as maya, the self-deception with which human beings (with the exception of the Nietzschean philosopher) mask the emptiness and meaninglessness of their lives, and hardly the kind of theatrical, and metatheatrical, illusion of my chapter on metatragedy. (Segal, p. 361)It is clear from the three readings that The Secret History along with Steppenwolf is ideologically in proximity to Nietzsches Bir th of Tragedy. What emerges out of Euripides Bacchae is a different doctrinal remove which does not provide any scholarly ground for either the Apollonian or the Dionysian worldviews. Euripides leaves it ambiguous as to which school of thought should the literary definition of tragedy comply with. It is rather a mixture of the Dionysian revelry associated with choir singing and the Apollonian poetry.However, the drama does not provide too much room for cypher the extent of each, therefore making the task of classification immensely difficult and problematic. References Pfeffer, R. (1972). Nietzsche disciple of Dionysus. Lewisburg University of Bucknell. Segal, C. (1997). Dionysiac poetics and Euripides Bacchae. Princeton Princeton University Press. Ansell-Pearson, K. (2006). A compilation to Nietzsche. Hoboken Wiley-Blackwell.

Minicase Prairie Stores Essay

What is the Rate of Return Percentage?In the mini-case, Mr. Breezeway indicated two kinds of percentage to determine the required return. One of them is the companies return on book law (% 15) and the other one is the investment return percentage in the rural supermarket industry (% 11) which shows that investors in rural supermarket chains, with risks similar to Prairie Home Stores, expected to earn near % 11 percent on average. Since the companies score of return determined by the rate of return offered by other equally risky stocks, then it should be % 11. The Rapid Growth ScenarioStep 1 Being adequate to(p) to calculate the present pry of the companies stocks, we should first calculate the present value of the companies dividends. Years 2016-2021= 0(1.11) + 0(1.11)2 +0(1.11)3 +0(1.11)4 +14(1.11)5 +14.7(1.11)6= 8.31+7.86= 16.17 $ Present value of the dividends between 2016-2021Step 2 In step 2, we should estimate the Prairie Stores stock value at the horizon year (2021), wh en growth rate has settled down. According to mini-case, after 2019 the company will resume its normal growth. Since the investment plan is going to reside 6 years, we should choose the year 2021 as a horizon year.Growth rate plowback ratio return on equity (Given in the notes)Plowback ratio = hold earnings wages (2021)= 7.4 gazillion 22 million= 0.33 % 33Return on equity = Earnings Book value, start of the year (2021)= 22 million 146.9 million= 0.15 % 15Growth rate = % 33 % 15= % 5Div 2022 = 1.05 14.7P2021 = Dividend 2022 r g= 15.44 $ = 15.44 million 0.11- 0.05= 257.33 millionStep 3 Being able to find the present value of total stocks ( at the beginning of 2016), first we should discount the 2021 total stock value by 6 years and we should in any case add the present value of dividends to this amount.P0 = 16.17 $ + 257.33 (1.11)6= 153.75 million $Present Value of the Stock Per plowshare = 153.75 million 400,000 (Outstanding shares)= 384.37 $If the company did go pub lic, its share price should be $384.37 for per share with the rapid growth scenario.The Constant Growth ScenarioGrowth rate plowback ratio return on equity (Given in the notes)Plowback ratio = Retained earnings Earnings (2016)= 4/12= % 33Return on equity = Earnings Book value, start of the year (2016)= 12 80= % 15Growth rate = % 33 % 15= % 5P0 = Div2016 r g Per Share Value = 133.33 million 400,000 = 8 million 0.11 0.05 = 333.33 $= 133.33 millionIf the company did go public, its share price should be $333.33 for per share with the constant growth scenario.ConclusionIf I were Ms. Firewater, I would recommend the rapid growth scenario because with the rapid growth scenario the companies present per share value higher than it could have been with the constant rate scenario. In addition, this investment decision depends on shareholders opinion. As we know, some of the shareholders are dependent on the generous unshakable dividends. As a result, these shareholders might have no t pauperismed to choose the rapid grow scenario. On the other hand, the shareholders who have more interest with the companies hereafter stock value, will probably choose the rapid growth scenario.Mr. Breezeways advise not to sell the companies per stock for $200 was right. Any price low $333.33 for per share will be not acceptable for me, if I am dependant on the dividend income. On the other hand, If I were not need the dividend income and want to sell my shares, I would not accept any price under $384.37 for per share.

How Immigrants Create Jobs

How Immigrants bring on Jobs For many years Americans have addressed the issue of immigrants as a threat to the economy as they take a trend jobs from inherents of the United States. People state that immigrants will work for lower wage and in worse conditions than a congenital, which makes them much than desirable to employ. But, is this assumption accurate? Or do immigrants actually create jobs and help the economy of the United States? Research is now stating that immigration and unemployment atomic number 18 unrelated. Immigrants actually create jobs and bring up the economy by purchasing goods from native dividing linees and by creating their own businesses (Value Added).These be just two examples of how immigrants help to create jobs in the United States. They also tend to compliment native workers as they ar skilled in different areas and a small wage outgrowth happens for the native workers because of this. Immigrants are more likely than a native to get an edu cation in science and math programs. According to Tamar Jacoby in her article Most Immigrants Create Jobs she states, 60 to 70 percent of the students in American computer science and electrical engineering graduate programs are foreign-born (Jacoby).America cannot afford to allow these immigrants with such(prenominal) great skill to work in competing countries. Immigrants help create jobs with their purchasing place, ability and likeness to create businesses, and with their specialized skills that compliment that of a native worker. Immigrants boost the hold for local goods and services, allowing for more jobs to be created. It is quite simple. The more immigrants, the more money spent on American made goods. This calls for a higher demand of goods, which creates more jobs for those goods to be produced.Immigrants put money back into the United States economy by using their wages earned to purchase items such as food, clothing, cars, etcetera Businesses see this relationship bet ween new workers and more money being spent, so they invest in new restaurants, stores, and production facilities (Value Added). These new businesses create more jobs for more workers. In Jason Furmans article, Ten Ways Immigrants Help Build and Strengthen Our rescue, he states, The Immigration Policy Center estimates that the purchasing power of Latinos and Asians, many of whom are immigrants, alone will reach $1. trillion and $775 billion, respectively, by 2015 (Furman). Due to immigrants generally relocating to the United States in search for work, they are much more driven than a native and more likely to begin a new business. In a study conducted by the Small Business Administration, it shows that immigrants are thirty percent more likely to start a business in the United States than a native, and also that eighteen percent of small business owners in American are immigrants (Furman). These immigrant owned businesses create new positions to be filled for more workers.Being sel f-employed is also not taking away from the native peoples ability to obtain a job, but is helping them. Immigrants make up one percent more of self-employed individuals than natives of the United States (Furman). not only do these immigrants created business create jobs, but also generate income which will eventually lead to more demand therefore even more jobs for workers. According to the Fiscal Policy Institute, small businesses owned by immigrants employed an estimated 4. 7 million people in 2007, and according to the latest estimates, these small businesses generated more than $776 billion annually (Furman).Not only do immigrants boost the demand for goods and create businesses, they also have specialized skills that complement the jobs of a native worker. These immigrants with specialized skills are often put into two categories, both of which create jobs for native workers. The first is that with only a high school education. Due to many immigrants not having more than an ed ucation of a high school diploma when they first arrive in the United States, the wages increase for natives with a college education.Therefore, the more immigration, the more the wages are increased for individuals with an education higher than that of a high school diploma. The different levels of education between these immigrants and natives also produce a wage increase because the jobs they perform are frequently interdependent and complementary, which increases the productivity of natives (Value Added). The second group of immigrants with specialized skills is that of those with a college education. These immigrants often obtain degrees in engineering, computer science, and mathematics.Obtaining these degrees does not step in with the career opportunities of natives because Americans are not likely to get an education in these areas. The American Enterprise Institute and the Partnership for a New American Economy conducted a study in December of 2011. Data in this study was us ed from the years 2000 to 2007. The results state that, every 100 foreign-born workers who worked in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, and who had travel degrees from U. S. universities, were associated with an additional 262 jobs for native-born workers (Value Added).The study also found that states with greater numbers of temporary workers in the H-1B program for skilled workers and H-2B program for less-skilled nonagricultural workers had higher employment among US natives (Value Added). The United States is a nation that was founded on immigrants. Throughout the years Americans are learning that immigrants make the nation stronger as a whole. President Barack Obama states that No different nation in the world welcomes so many new arrivals (Furman). Due to the fact that American does welcome so many new arrivals, this causes American to pinch one of the leading countries in the world.Bringing in different levels of skill to complement the skill already here ke eps America on top and leading the way in new technologies and careers. Immigrants not only contribute to the technologies to create more jobs, but also help create more jobs by simply disbursal their wages earned on American made goods and services. With all of this information available, it would be hard to disagree that immigrants help create more jobs and lower unemployment quite than taking away jobs from native individuals.

A Suitable Base Material for Composite Resin Restorations

Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 www. elsevier. com/locate/foodchemtox A par of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon bark bark interchange and mouth volatilizable anele colours, oleoresins and their scamstituents q Gurdip Singh b a,* , Sumitra Maurya a,1 , M. P. deLampasona b, Cesar A. N. Catalan b a alchemy Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273 009, India Instituto de Quimica Organica, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Ayacucho 471, S. M. de Tucuman 4000, Argentina Received 31 August 2005 accepted 22 February 2007Abstract The antioxidant, antimycotic agent and antibacterial potentials of vapourific crude covers and oleoresin of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume ( undulate and bark) were investigated in the present study. The oleoresins confirm shown excellent activity for the forbidding of primary and tributary oxidization products in mustard inunct added at the concentration of 0. 02% which were evaluated utilize peroxide, thiobarbituric pane of glass, p-anisidine and carbonyl cling tos. Moreover, it was further supported by former(a) complementary antioxidant assays such as ferric thiocyanate method acting in linoleic acerb system, minify power, chelating and scavenging e? cts on 1,1 0 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl thoroughs. In antimicrobial investigations, utilise inverted petriplate and food poison techniques, the alternate and bark volatilizable oils has been gear up to be highly e? ective against all the footraceed kingdom Fungi except Aspergillus ochraceus. However, leaf oleoresin has shown inhibition only for Penicillium citrinum whereas bark oleoresin has turn in gotd drop mycelial govern inhibition for Aspergillus ? avus and A. ochraceus on with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, P. citrinum and Penicillium viridicatum at 6 lL. Using agar well di? sion method, leaf volatile oil and oleoresin keep shown better results in comparison with bar k volatile oil, oleoresin and mercantile bactericide, i. e. , ampicillin. Gas chromatographicmass spectroscopy studies on leaf volatile oil and oleoresin resulted in the identi? cation of 19 and 25 components, which accounts for the 99. 4% and 97. 1%, respectively of the numerate amount and the major component was eugenol with 87. 3% and 87. 2%, respectively. The analysis of cinnamon bark volatile oil showed the presence of 13 components invoice for snow% of the tally amount. E)-cinnamaldehyde was build as the major component along with d-cadinene (0. 9%), whereas its bark oleoresin showed the presence of 17 components accounting for 92. 3% of the total amount. The major components were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (49. 9%), along with some(prenominal) other components. O 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Eugenol Cinnamaldehyde Antioxidant assay 1. Introduction Free antecedent reactions occur in human body and food systems. Free radicals, in the form of reactive oxygen and Part 57.Corresponding author. Tel. +91 551 2200745 (R)/2202856 (O) fax +91 551 2340459. netmail address emailprotected com (G. Singh). 1 Present address Agarkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, India. * q nitrogen species, atomic number 18 an integral part of normal physiology. An over production of these reactive species can occur, ascribable to aerophilous stress brought ab bulge by the imbalance of bodily antioxidant defence system and assuage radical formation. These reactive species can react with biomolecules, ca development cellular injury and death.This may lead to the development of chronic diseases such as cancers and those that involve the cardio- and cerebrovascular systems. The consumption of fruits and vegs (Peschel et al. , 2006) containing antioxidants has been found to o? er protection 0278-6915/$ identify front matter O 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi10. 1016/j. fct. 2007. 02. 031 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chem ical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 1651 against these diseases. Dietary antioxidants can augment cellular defences and athletic supporter to prevent oxidative equipment casualty to cellular components (Halliwell, 1989).Besides playing an important role in physiological systems, antioxidants have been used in food industry to prolong the shelf liveliness of foods, specially those rich in polyunsaturated fats. These components in food ar take onily oxidized by molecular oxygen and are major cause of oxidative deterioration, nutritional losses, o? ?avour development and discoloration. The addition of semisynthetic antioxidants, such as propyl gallate, only ifylated hydroxylanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) and tertiary butylhydroquinone has been widely used industrially to control lipide oxidation in foods.However, the use of these synthetic antioxidants has been questioned due to their potential health risks and toxicity (Kahl and Kappus, 1993). The search for ant ioxidants from natural sources has stock much attention and e? orts have been put in to identify compounds that can act as suitable antioxidants to replace synthetic ones. In addition, these naturally occurring antioxidants can be formulated as functional foods and nutraceuticals that can help to prevent oxidative damage from occurring in the body.Plants contain a variety of substances called Phytochemicals (Pratt, 1992), that owe to naturally occurring components present in installs (Caragay, 1992). The phytochemical preparations with bivalent functionalities in preventing lipid oxidation and antimicrobial properties have tremendous potential for extending shelf life of food products. Several research groups around the world have succeeded in ? nding and identifying natural antioxidants from herbs and spices using di? erent elanl systems.The antioxidant activity of Labiatae herbs such as rosemary, sage, summer savory and borage are also well authenticated (Bandoniene et al. , 2 002 Djarmati et al. , 1991 Ho et al. , 2000 Aruoma et al. , 1996 Cuvelier et al. , 1994 Wong et al. , 1995 Chang et al. , 1997 Madsen et al. , 1996 Gordon and Weng, 1992 Takacsova et al. , 1995). However, the aromatic spicy and medicinal grounds from Laureceae family are less extensively studied. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, syn C. verum, family Laureceae) is a widely used spice and have many applications in perfumery, ? voring and pharmaceutical industries. Although, the chemical constituents of leaf and bark essential oils of cinnamon have been studied (Raina et al. , 2001 ? Simic et al. , 2004 Jayaprakash et al. , 1997), the potential antioxidant properties have yet not been studied and it seems that investigation on oleoresins are scarce. Hence, in the present work, attempt has been made to explore the possible antioxidant and antimicrobial properties by di? erent methods which can give more comprehensive information especially when the e? ectiveness of multi componen t natural oleoresins is investigated.The objective of present investigation is to compare the chemical com lay out of leaf and bark essential oils and oleoresins as well as demonstrate the possibility of protecting the stored food materials against micro-organism and antioxidative behaviour on mustard oil using as additive by various methods. 2. Materials and methods 2. 1. Chemicals Thiobarbituric point, pure components eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were received form Merck, Germany. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), carbendazim were procured from Sigma (SigmaAldrich GmbH, Sternheim, Germany) and linoleic acid from Across (New Jersey, USA).BHT, BHA, and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine were purchased from s. d ? ne-chem Ltd, Mumbai, India. Ampicillin was purchased from Ranbaxy Fine chemicals Ltd. , New Delhi, India. Crude mustard oil was purchased from local oil mill, Gorakhpur, India. All resultants used were of analytical grade. 2. 2. Sample extraction Cinnamon leaves and barks were purchas ed from local market of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, during January 2004 and voucher specimens were kept at the Herbarium of the Science faculty, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur.Cinnamon leaves (250 g) and barks (50 mesh particle size) were hydrodistilled using Clevengers apparatus to ante up essential oils (3. 1% and 2. 5%, respectively). Oleoresins were obtained by extracting 25 g of powdered spice with 250 mL of acetone for 2 h in a Soxhlet extractor. The solvent was evaporated by placing the judge in a vacuum drier under reduced pressure. The viscous oleoresins for leaves and barks, with yield 6. 9% and 9. 7%, respectively, were obtained. Both essential oils and oleoresins were stored in cold condition and until further use. 2. 3. Chemical characterization 2. . 1. Gas chromatography (GC) A Hewlett Packard 6890 ( analytic Technologies SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina) gas chromatograph equipped with column HP-5 (5% phenyl methylsiloxane, length 30 m inner diameter 0. 25 mm ? lm t hickness 0. 25 lm) was used for the analysis whose injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 240 and 250 C, respectively. The amount of the samples injected was 0. 1 lL in split mode (801). Carrier gas used was helium with a ? ow rate of 1. 0 mL minA1. The oven temperature for essential oils were programmed linearly as follows 60 C (1 min), 60 185 C (1. C minA1), 185 C (1 min), 185275 C (9 C minA1 ), 275 C (5 min) whereas for oleoresins it was as follows 70 C (1 min), 70170 C (1. 5 C minA1), 170 C (1 min), 170180 C (9 C minA1), 280 C (5 min). 2. 3. 2. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) Analysis of volatile oils and oleoresins were run on a Hewlett Packard (6890) GCMS system (Analytical Technologies SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer (model HP 5973) with a capillary column of HP-5MS (5% phenyl methylsiloxane, length = 30 m, inner diameter = 0. 25 mm and ? lm thickness = 0. 5 lm). The injector, GCMS interface, ion source and sele ctive mass detector temperatures were maintained at 280, 280, 230 and 150 C respectively. The oven temperature programmed for the volatile oils were akin as provided for GC whereas for oleoresins, it was programmed linearly as follows 60 185 C (1. 5 C minA1), 185 C (1 min), 185275 C (9 C minA1), 275 C (2 min). The extract was held at 70 C (5 min), 70220 C (3 C minA1), 220280 C (5 C minA1) and held at 280 C for 5 min. 2. 3. 3. Components identi? cation The components of essential oil and oleoresins were identi? d on the basis of comparison of their retention indices and mass spectra with published data (Adams, 2001 Massda, 1976) and computer matching with WILEY 275 and National Institute of Standards and applied science (NIST 3. 0) libraries provided with computer controlling the GCMS system. The results were also con? rmed by the comparison of the compounds elution order with their relative retention indices on non-polar phase 1652 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 2. 4. 2. DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging e? ects The DPPH assay was carried out as described by Brand-Williams and his co-workers (1995). , 10, 15, 20, 25 lL of the sample were added to 5 mL of 0. 004% methanol beginning of DPPH. later on a 30 min incubation point in time at room temperature, the absorbance was read against a blank at 515 nm. The assay was carried out in triplicate and analyses of all samples were run in duplicate and results are averaged. This try out was adopted from a method described by Halliwell et al. (1987). Solutions of the reagents were always prepared freshly. The reaction variety contained in a ? nal volume of 1. 0 mL, one hundred lL of 2-deoxy-2ribose (28 mM in KH2PO4K2HPO4 bu? er, pH 7. ), 500 lL of various concentrations of the tested oils or the pure compounds in bu? er, 200 lL of 1. 04 mM EDTA and 200 lM FeCl3 (11 v/v), century lL of 1. 0 mM H2O2 and one C lL of 1. 0 mM ascorbic acid. Test samples were kept at 37 C for 1 h. The free radical damage imposed on the substrate, deoxyribose, was thrifty using the thiobarbituric acid test (Ohkawa et al. , 1979 Shimada et al. , 1992). 1. 0 mL of TBA (1%), and 1. 0 mL tricholoroacetic acid (2. 8%) were added to the test tubes and were incubated at ampere-second C for 20 min. After cooling, absorbance was measured at 532 nm against a blank containing deoxyribose and bu? r. Reactions were carried out in triplicate. Inhibition (I) of deoxyribose degradation in percent was mensural in the following way I? %? ? degree CelsiusX ? A0 A A1 =A0 ? where A0 is the absorbance of the control reaction, and A1 is the absorbance of the test compound. 2. 4. 3. Chelating e? ect and reducing power Chelating e? ect was determined accord to the method of Shimada et al. (1992). To 2 mL of the mixture, consisting of 30 mM hexamine, 30 mM potassium chloride and 9 mM ferrous sulphate were added to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 lL of essential oil or oleoresin in methanol (5 mL) and 200 lL of 1 mM tetramethyl murexide.After 3 min at room temperature, the absorbance of the mixture was determined at 485 nm. A abase absorbance indicates a higher chelating power. EDTA was used as a positive control. The reducing power was carried out as described before (Oyaizu, 1986). Various amount (5, 10,15, 20 lL) of essential oil or oleoresin (dissolved in 2. 5 mL of methanol) mixed with 2. 5 mL of 200 mM phosphate bu? er (pH = 6. 6) and 2. 5 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide, and the mixture was incubated at 50 C for 20 min. After adding 2. 5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid, the mixture was centrifuged at 200 g for 10 min in Sigma 3K30 model centrifuger.The organic layer (5 mL) was mixed with 5 mL of deionised water and 1 mL of 0. 1% ferric chloride and the absorbance read at 700 nm in a UVvisible spectrophotometer. reported in the literature (Adams, 2001). The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of n-alkanes C8C16. 2. 3. 4. Antio xidative assays in mustard oil Oxidative deterioration was monitored under modi? ed Shaal Oven test (Economou et al. , 1991). click and bark essential oils and oleoresins along with synthetic antioxidants and major components were added individually to unre? ned mustard oil at levels of 0. 2% (v/v). The initial PV value of oil is 1. 7 meq of O2/kg. Oxidative deterioration was periodically assessed by measuring the antioxidant parameters such as peroxide (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), p-anisidine (p-An) and total carbonyl (TC) values. 2. 3. 5. PV and TBA values The rate of oil oxidation was monitored by the increase of peroxide values. or so 3 g of each(prenominal) oil sample was weighed and subjected to iodimetric determination (AOCS, 1990). TBA values were evaluated according to the methods previously give tongue to by some authors (Sidwell et al. , 1954) with elfin changes. To 10 g of oil sample, 0. 7% aq. thiobarbituric acid (20 mL) and benzine (25 mL) solution were added . This mixture was shaken continuously for 2 h using mechanical shaker. After 2 h, supernatant was taken and placed in boiling water-bath for 1 h. After cooling, absorbance of supernatant was measured at 540 nm with Hitachi-U-2000 spectrophotometer. 2. 3. 6. p-Anisidine value The test was performed according to the methods (AOCS, 1998,) previously stated by earlier workers (Ottolenghi, 1959 Kikuzaki and Nakatani, 1993). In a 50 mL volumetric ? ask, 0. 6 g of oil sample was taken and volume was made using isoctane solution.From this solution, 5 mL was treated with 1 mL of 0. 25% of p-anisidine reagent and kept in bleached for 10 min and absorbance was measured at 350 nm using a UVVIS spectrophotometer. 2. 3. 7. Total carbonyl value Carbonyl value was evaluated according to the methods as reported earlier (Frankel, 1998). About 4 g of sample was taken in a 50 mL volumetric ? ask and the volume was made up using carbonyl free benzene. Out of this, 5 mL was pippeted out and mixed with 3 mL of 4. 3% trichloroacetic acid and 5 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (0. 05% in benzene) in 50 mL volumetric ? asks.The mixture was incubated at 60 C for half an hour to convert free carbonyls into hydrazones. After cooling, 10 mL of KOH solution (4% in ethanol) was added and the volume was made with ethanol. After 10 min, absorbance was measured at 480 nm using UVVIS spectrophotometer. Blank was prepared in the same manner substituting 5 mL of benzene instead of sample. A standard curve was drawn using valeraldehyde (50250 lg) in 5 mL of benzene instead of sample. The total carbonyl was calculated with the help of the standard curve and expressed as mg of valeraldehyde per nose candy g of sample. 2. 5. Antimicrobial activity 2. 5. . fungicide investigations In order to determine the antifungal e? cacy of the volatile oil and its oleoresin, the morbific fungus Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ? avus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium citrinum and Penicillium viridicatum were undertaken. These fungus kingdom were isolated from food materials such as onion, vegetable waste, wheat straw, fruits of Musa species, sweet potato, decaying vegetation and vegetable, respectively and were procured from microbic Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.The MTCC code No. of these strains are 2479, 1884, 1810, 3374, 1893, 2088, 2553 and 2007, respectively. Cultures of each of the fungi were maintained on Czapek (DOX) agar media with adjusting pH 6. 06. 5 and slants were stored at 4 C. The antifungal activity of the volatile oil and oleoresin against fungi were undertaken using inverted petriplate (Ramdas et al. , 1998) and poison food techniques (Amvam Zolla et al. , 1998). In inverted petriplate method, the required dose (2, 4 and 6 lL) of undiluted sample were soaked on a small piece (diameter 12 mm) of Whatmann No. 1 ? ter paper and it was kept on the lid of petriplate which is in inverted position whereas in poison food 2. 4. complementary antioxidant assays 2. 4. 1. Antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system Antioxidant activity was carried out using the method proposed by Osawa and Namaki (1983) with small changes. Samples (1 mL) in ethanol were mixed with 2. 5% linoleic acid in ethanol (4. 1 mL), 0. 05 M phosphate bu? er (pH = 7, 8 mL) and distilled water (3. 9 mL) and kept in screw cap containers under dark condition at 40 C. This solution (0. 1 mL) was added to the solution of 9. 7 mL of 75% ethanol and 0. mL of 30% ammonium thiocyanate. After 3 min, 0. 1 mL of 0. 02 M ferrous chloride in 3. 5% hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction mixture, the absorbance of red color was measured at 500 nm in the spectrophotometer, for every two days. The control and standards were subjected to the same procedure except for the control, where there was no addition of sample and for the standard 1 mL of sample was replaced with 1 mg of BHA and BHT. G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 technique, the required dose (2, 4 and 6 lL) of the undiluted sample were mixed with the 20 mL of culture medium.Each test was replicated for 3 times and fungi toxicity was measured after 6 days in terms of percent mycelial zone inhibition. 2. 5. 2. Antibacterial investigations Six pathogenic bacteria Bacillus genus Cereus (430), Bacillus subtilis (1790), Staphylococcus aureus (3103) (gram-positive), Escherichia coli (1672), Salmonella typhi (733), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1942) (gram-negative) were selected for present study. All the bacterial strains were procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. They were sub cultured on nutrient agar broth (Hi-media) and stored at 4 C.Active cultures for experiments were prepared by transferring one loopful of cells from stock cultures to ? ask of nutrient agar broth, which were incubated without agi tation for 24 h at 37 C. In order to determine the antibacterial activity of the essential oils and oleoresins, agar well di? usion method was followed. 0. 1 mL of 101 time diluted bacterial strain in ringers solution were ? ood inoculated on to the surface of well settled sterilized culture medium. The swell (10 mm diameter) were cut from agar, and 0. 2 mL of sample (2, 4 and 6 lL of essential oil or oleoresin diluted in 1 mL of DMSO) was delivered into them.For standard, 0. 2 mL of aqueous solution of ampicillin (1 mg mLA1) was used. After incubation for 24 h at 37 C, all plates were examined for any zones of harvest-tide inhibition according to method developed by Davidson and Parish (1989). All the plates were replicated twice and the results were averaged. 2. 5. 3. Statistical analysis For the oil or oleoresin, three samples were prepared for each experiment. The data were presented as mean standard deviation of three determinations (data were not shown). The quantitative da ta of major components of oil and oleoresin were statistically examined by analysis of variance (Sokal, 1973) and signi? ant di? erences among some(prenominal) groups of data were examined by Ducans multiple range test. A probability value of p 0. 05 was considered signi? cant. Table 1 Chemical composition of cinnamon leaf volatile oil and oleoresin Compound Volatile oil MS % a-Thujene a -Pinene b-Pinene Myrcene a-Phellandrene p-Mentha-1(7),8-diene p-Cymene 1,8-Cineole Terpinolene a-Terpineol a-Cubebene Eugenol b-Caryophyllene Aromadendrene a-Amorphene Germacrene-D Bicyclogermacrene d-Cadinene Spathulenol Sabinene c-Terpinene Terpinen-4-ol d-Elemene Viridi? orol Methoxy-eugenol Isospathulenol Neophytadiene Docosane Nonacosane Vitamin-E Total 0. 1 0. tr tr 1. 9 tr 0. 7 0. 7 tr tr tr 87. 3 1. 9 1. 1 tr 0. 6 3. 6 0. 4 0. 5 99. 4% a 1653 Oleoresin KI 931 941 980 993 1007 1011 1026 1033 1088 1191 1350 1358 1420 1441 1490 1490 1496 1527 1576 MSa % 0. 3 tr tr 87. 2 1. 4 0. 8 0. 4 0. 2 1. 7 0. 6 1. 7 tr tr tr 1. 0 0. 3 0. 1 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 97. 1% KI 1007 1026 1191 1358 1420 1441 1490 1490 1496 1527 1576 975 1064 1177 1340 1594 3. Results and discussion 3. 1. Chemical analysis GC and GCMS analysis of cinnamon leaf volatile oil showed the presence of 19 components accounting for 99. % of the total amount (Table 1). The major component was eugenol (87. 3%) followed by bicyclogermacrene (3. 6%), a-phellanderene (1. 9%), b-carryophyllene (1. 9%), aromadendrene (1. 1%), p-cymene (0. 7%) and 1,8-cineole (0. 7%). Moreover, its oleoresin showed the presence of 25 components accounting for 97. 1% of the total amount (Table 1). The major components accounting were eugenol (87. 2%), spathulenol (1. 7%), bicyclogermacrene (1. 7%), b-caryophyllene (1. 4%) and d-elemene (1. 0%). The analysis of cinnamon bark volatile oil showed the presence of 13 components accounting for 100% of the total amount (Table 2). E)-cinnamaldehyde was found as the major component along with d-cadinene (0. 9%), a-copaene (0. 8%) and a-amorphene (0. 5%), whereas its bark oleoresin showed the presence of 17 components accounting for 92. 3% of the total amount (Table 2). The major components were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (49. 9%), coumarin (16. 6%), d-cadinene (7. 8%), a-copaene (4. 6%), (Z)-cinnamaldehyde (1. 5%), ortho-methoxy cinnamaldehyde (1. 5%) and b-bisabolene (1. 4%) along with several other compo- pctages are the mean of three runs and were obtained from electronic integration measurements using selective mass detector tr 0. 1. a nents. Recently, Raina et al. (2001) reported eugenol (76. 6%), linalool (8. 5%) and pipertone (3. 31%) as major components from its leaf oil grown in small Andman whereas the steam distilled volatile oil of cinnamon fruit ? grown at Karnataka and Kerala consists (Simic et al. , 2004 Jayaprakash et al. , 1997) of hydrocarbons (32. 8% and 20. 8%) and oxygenated compounds (63. 7% and 73. 4%) and trans-c innamyl acetate rayon and b-caryophyllene were found to be major component. 3. 2. Antioxidative assays in mustard oil The changes of PV in mustard oil of all investigated samples are presented in Fig. 1.The rate of oxidative reactions in mustard oil with additives was almost similar to that of the blank sample. The stability of the mustard oil samples to the formation of peroxides can be ranked in the following locomote order Leaf oleoresin BHT PG % eugenol scramble oleoresin % BHA Leafoil cinnamaldehyde bark oil 1654 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 Table 2 Chemical composition of cinnamon bark volatile oil and extract Compound Volatile oil MS % a-Pinene Camphene Sabinene b-Pinene Limonene 1,8-Cineole Camphor Z-cinnamaldhyde E-cinnamaldhyde a-Copaene a-Amorphene -Cadinene Terpinen-4-ol b-Caryophyllene Coumarin a-Muurolene b-Bisabolene Cadina-1(2), 4-diene Ortho-methoxy cinnamadehyde Cubenol 1-Heptadecene 1-Nonadecene Tetracosane Octacosane Nonacosane Total a a Oleoresin KI 941 953 975 980 1031 1035 1144 1225 1279 1379 1490 1527 MSa % 1. 5 50. 0 4. 6 7. 8 0. 1 1. 0 16. 6 4. 4 1. 4 1. 8 1. 5 0. 5 0. 2 0. 4 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 92. 3% KI 1225 1279 1379 1527 1177 1420 1436 1500 1506 1530 1532 tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr 97. 7 0. 8 0. 5 0. 9 100% ays. The e? ects of volatile oils and oleoresins on malonaldehyde formation for mustard oil in terms of incubation time versus TBA value at 60 C are shown in Fig. 2. The malondehyde formation of all the additives increases with storage time. The oil showed a bind inhibition at 0. 02% concentration, and was comparable to BHA and PG but much lower than BHT. These results were well correlated with p-anisidine and total carbonyl values (Fig. 4). However, the sequence is slightly di? erent as compared with the one obtained during measurements of peroxide values.For instance, bark oleoresin had a little greater activity for preventing the formation of secondary oxidation products than primary ones. On contrary, volatile oils were slightly less e? ective in preventing the formation of secondary oxidation products than primary ones. From the above results, it should be said that the formation of the primary oxidation species, peroxides, were also quite similar with the secondary oxidation products, and the changes of both oxidation characteristics are in a good correlation. Hence, the inhibition activity of leaf and bark oleoresins were excellent among all the additives and there was a signi? ant di? erence between the blank and antioxidants at the P 0. 05 level. 3. 3. Antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system To evaluate the antioxidant potential of volatile oils and oleoresins of leaf and bark, their lipid inhibitory activities were compared with selected antioxidants and their major components by using ferric thiocyanate method of measuring the amounts of peroxides formed in emulsion during incubation. High absorbance is an indication of a high concentration of formed peroxides. The absorbance values of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon along with synthetic antioxidants are shown in Fig. . The absorbance Percentages are the mean of three runs and were obtained from electronic integration measurements using selective mass detector tr 0. 01. Simultaneously with the measurements of peroxide value, the changes the secondary oxidation products such as malonaldehyde and 2-alkenals, which are measured by thiobarbituric (Fig. 2), p-anisidine (Fig. 3) and total carbonyl values (Fig. 4), were also determined after every 7 one hundred twenty Control BHT C. L. oil C. L. Oleoresin eugenol BHA PG C. B. Oil C. B. Oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde 100 Peroxide value (meq/kg) 80 60 40 20 0 0 7 14 21 28Incubation time (days) Fig. 1. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the primary oxidation of mustard oil measured using peroxide value method. G. Singh et al. / Food and Chem ical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 1655 6 5 Control BHT Leaf oil Leaf oleoresin Eugenol BHA PG verbalize oil speak oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde TBA value (meq/g) 4 3 2 1 0 0 7 14 21 28 Incubation time (days) Fig. 2. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the malonaldehyde formation in mustard oil measured using TBA value method. 7 6 Control BHT C. L. Oil C. L.Oleoresin eugenol BHA PG C. B. Oil C. B. Oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde p-anisidine value 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 7 14 21 28 Incubation time (days) Fig. 3. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the formation of 2-alkenals in mustard oil measured using p-anisidine method. 16 14 Carbonyl value (mg) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 Control BHT C. L. Oil C. L. Oleoresin Eugenol BHA PG C. B. Oil C. B. Oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde 14 21 28 Incubation time (days) Fig. 4. Inhibitory e? ect volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the total carbonyls present in mustard oil. 16 56 G. Singh et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 1. 9 1. 7 Absorbance at 500 nm 1. 5 1. 3 1. 1 0. 9 0. 7 0. 5 0 Control BHT Leaf oleoresin verbalise oleoresin Cinnamaldehyde BHA Leaf oil bark oil eugenol 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Incubation time (h) Fig. 5. Inhibitory e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark on the primary oxidation of linoleic acid system measured using ferric thiocyanate method. of linoleic acid emulsion without additive increased rapidly, and there was a signi? cant di? erence between blank and antioxidants at the P 0. 05 level. As can be seen in this ? , bark oleoresin was most e? ective among all the additives followed by leaf oleoresin. However, there are no signi? cant (p 0. 05%) di? erences between antioxidative activities of oleoresins, oils, BHA, BHT and PG. 3. 4. DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging e? ects Table 6 shows the DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of leaf and bark volatile oils and oleor esins with various concentrations. As positive control, BHA and BHT were also examined. Bark oleoresin showed the best result through all concentrations for DPPH assay. The volatile oils have shown almost equal and moderate radical scavenging activity.At a concentration of 5 lL, signi? cant di? erences in DPPH scavenging activities was observed between BHA (78. 4%), BHT (81. 2%) and oleoresins of both leaf (51. 3%) and bark (75. 6%). However, as concentration increased, the di? erences in scavenging activities between BHA, BHT and oleoresins become less signi? cant. For hydroxyl radical scavenging test AOH radicals were generated by reaction of ferric-EDTA together with H2O2 and ascorbic acid to attack the substrate deoxyribose. The resulting products of the radical attack form a pink chromogen when heated with TBA in acid solution (Ohkawa et al. , 1979 Shimada et al. 1992). When the oils or oleoresins were incubated with this reaction mixture they were able to interfere with free r adical reaction and could prevent damage to the sugar. The results are shown in Table 6. At 5 lL, scavenging e? ects on hydroxyl radicals were 31. 2%, 51. 2%, 43. 6% and 57. 6% for leaf and bark volatile oils and oleoresin. However, at 25 lL BHA and BHT exhibited scavenging activities of 84. 9% and 83. 2%, respectively. There was a little change in the order of DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of leaf oleoresin (86. 1%), bark volatile oil (79. 6%) and bark oleoresin (78. 6%).A close to linear correlation between radical scavenging activity and concentration of polyphenolic compounds in various vegetable and fruits have been reported (Pyo et al. , 2004 Robards et al. , 1999). These reports indicated that the radical scavenging activity of oleoresins tycoon be mostly a? ected by position of the phenolic hydroxyl group which is present in eugenol. Yepez et al. (2001) used eugenol as standard which removed 95% of the initial DPPH free radical. 3. 5. Chelating e? ect and re ducing power Chelating e? ects of the leaf and bark oleoresins on ferrous ions increased from 20. 5% at 5 lL to 24. % at 10 lL and maintained a tableland of 28. 235. 5% at 15 25lL (Fig. 6). The bark oleoresin showed a better chelating e? ect than those leaf oleoresin and both volatile oils. In addition, chelating e? ects of oleoresins were relatively parallel and increased from 20. 523. 6% at 5 lL to 38. 5 42% at 25 lL. However, at 5 lL, the chelating ability of EDTA was 90. 4%. Apparently, the cinnamon leaf and bark oleoresins could chelate ferrous ions but were not as e? ective chelators as EDTA. Reducing powers of leaf and bark oleoresins of cinnamon were excellent and were in the range 56. 058. 4, comparable with that of BHA (63. ) and BHT (65. 2) at 5 lL (Fig. 7). However, at 25 lL, the reducing power of the leaf and bark oleoresins, BHA and BHT were comparable (78. 587. 9). The reducing powers of the oleoresins might be due to the hydrogen donating abilities (Shimada et al. , 1992). 3. 6. Antimicrobial studies The results of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by inverted petriplate and poison food tech- G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 1657 100 90 Chelating effect (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 EDTA Leaf oleoresin Bark oleoresin E-Cinnamaldehyde Leaf oil Bark oil Eugenol 10 15 20 25 30 Concentration ( L) Fig. 6. Chelating e? ect of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark along with synthetic antioxidants. 100 Reducing power (%) 80 BHA Leaf oil Bark oil Eugenol BHT Leaf oleoresin Bark oleoresin Cinnamaldehyde 60 40 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Concentration ( L) Fig. 7. Reducing power of volatile oil and oleoresin of cinnamon leaf and bark along with synthetic antioxidants. niques are reported in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Using inverted petriplate method (Table 3), the leaf volatile oil was found to be 100% antifungal against all the tested fungi except A. chraceus and A. terreus at 6 lL. I t was interesting to note that complete inhibition against A. ?avus was obtained only at 2 lL. However, leaf oleoresin has shown complete mycelial zone inhibition only for P. citrinum. More than 75% activity was obtained for P. veridicatum, F. moniliforme and A. ?avus. Bark volatile oil has shown complete inhibition against the fungi such as F. gramenearum, F. moniliforme, P. citrinum, P. viridicatum and A. terreus at 6 lL. Using poison food technique (Table 4), leaf volatile has caused complete inhibition against all the tested fungi except P. itrinum whereas oleoresin has caused complete inhibition only against P. citrinum. Bark volatile oil has shown complete inhibition against almost all the tested fungi except for A. ?avus, A. ochraceus whereas its oleoresin has caused complete inhibition for A. ?avus and A. ochraceus along with A. niger, A. terreus, P. citrinum and P. viridicatum at 6 lL. Using agar well di? usion method (Table 5), leaf volatile oil has shown better results in comparison with oleoresin and commercial bactericide, i. e. , ampicillin. Complete mycelial zone inhibition was obtained using leaf volatile oil against P. eruginosa and B. cereus. However, it has moderate inhibitory e? ect on B. subtilis and S. aureus whereas its oleoresin has shown almost 100% activities against S. typhi and B. cereus. Bark volatile oil has been found to be better than bark oleoresin as it has caused more than 50% inhibition against all the tested fungi. There are several reports (Singh et al. , 1995 Hili et al. , 1997) stating that C. zeylanicum Blume exhibit antimicrobial activity. Their results demonstrate that the leaf oil completely inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at the 1658 G. Singh et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 Table 3 Antifungal activity of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by inverted petriplate method Test Dose (lL) Percent mycelial inhibition zonea AN Leaf volatile oil 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 91. 5 100 100 25. 0 50. 0 58. 7 85. 3 93. 1 100 6. 3 38. 7 87. 2 62. 5 100 100 6. 3 35. 1 78. 3 AF 100 100 100 45. 6 76. 3 89. 3 100 100 100 6. 3 8. 8 13. 8 81. 2 100 100 65. 3 93. 2 100 AO 18. 7 56. 3 87. 5 46. 3 56. 3 68. 7 15. 6 52. 8 85. 3 12. 5 25. 0 37. 5 54. 3 78. 7 100 12. 5 25. 0 30. 8 FG 50. 0 52. 5 100 37. 5 50. 56. 3 36. 3 45. 8 95. 2 87. 5 87. 5 100 25. 0 50. 0 58. 7 75. 0 87. 5 100 FM 50. 0 52. 5 100 57. 5 80. 0 92. 5 31. 2 43. 2 83. 6 75. 0 87. 5 100 58. 6 79. 5 83. 3 58. 7 75. 3 83. 8 PC 37. 5 56. 3 100 67. 8 93. 3 100 25. 5 45. 8 86. 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 PV 37. 5 56. 3 100 38. 9 65. 5 87. 5 28. 5 47. 3 93. 7 100 100 100 76. 5 87. 5 100 85. 5 91. 5 100 AT 18. 7 36. 5 75. 0 46. 3 56. 3 68. 7 41. 3 53. 2 69. 1 37. 5 56. 3 100 87. 5 94. 1 100 56. 3 85. 6 100 Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark volatile oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde AN = Aspergillus niger AF = Aspergillus ? vus AO = Aspergillus ochraceus FG = Fusarium graminearum FM = Fusarium moniliforme PC = Penicillium citrinum PV = Penicillium viridicatum AT = Aspergillus terreus. a mediocre of three replicates. Table 4 Antifungal activity of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by food poisoned method Test Dose (ppm)a Percent mycelial inhibition zonea AN Leaf volatile oil 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 g-force 2000 3000 100 100 100 62. 5 77. 5 87. 5 100 100 100 73. 5 100 100 48. 9 65. 3 83. 6 52. 3 68. 7 72. 3 78. 2 82. 2 96. 3 AF 31. 3 87. 5 100 18. 8 50. 0 100 15. 6 63. 2 95. 6 () 51. 3 87. 5 88. 7 91. 3 100 52. 87. 6 91. 2 85. 3 91. 2 96. 2 AO 50. 0 100 100 35. 0 82. 5 97. 5 45. 6 95. 6 100 75. 0 81. 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 84. 2 91. 2 98. 4 FG 75. 0 100 100 62. 5 77. 5 87. 5 63. 5 82. 1 93. 8 50. 0 75. 0 87. 5 65. 3 83. 2 100 47. 2 67. 8 85. 3 90. 2 96. 3 94. 5 FM 100 100 100 38. 7 46. 3 78. 7 45. 6 53. 6 78. 3 75. 0 83. 2 100 48. 7 56. 3 78. 7 63. 2 65. 8 87. 1 97. 2 100 100 PC 50. 0 75. 0 87. 5 35. 0 62. 5 97. 5 48. 6 73. 1 82. 6 43. 7 51. 3 65. 0 100 100 100 85. 2 89. 7 91. 2 100 100 100 PV 87. 5 100 100 50. 0 65. 5 70. 0 73. 2 85. 6 93. 6 50. 0 75. 0 87. 5 60. 0 85. 3 100 55. 3 63. 1 91. 2 100 100 100 AT 18. 7 50. 0 56. () 50. 0 100 15. 5 50. 0 75. 2 32. 5 45. 0 76. 3 35. 0 76. 2 83. 7 42. 3 45. 6 89. 3 98. 5 100 100 Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark volatile oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde Carbendazimb AN = Aspergillus niger AF = Aspergillus ? avus AO = Aspergillus ochraceus FG = Fusarium graminearum FM = Fusarium moniliforme PC = Penicillium citrinum PV = Penicillium viridicatum AT = Aspergillus terreus. a Average of three replicates. b Aqueous solution was used. G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 Table 5 Antibacterial activity of volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark by agar well di? sion method Test Concentration (ppm) Inhibition zone (mm)a Gram (+) bacteria Bs Leaf volatile oil 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 17. 1 0. 4 20. 0 0. 6 32. 6 1. 2 14. 6 1. 2 19. 0 0. 2 25. 4 0. 8 14. 3 0. 6 17. 0 0. 3 29. 6 1. 2 14. 2 0. 5 18. 3 0. 3 26. 7 0. 7 16. 2 1. 3 20. 2 1. 1 25. 3 0. 3 12. 3 0. 1 17. 3 0. 5 23. 7 0. 6 32. 5 1. 2 34. 3 0. 3 41. 2 0. 2 Sa 26. 1 1. 5 34. 9 1. 3 48. 7 0. 5 27. 1 0. 1 38. 9 0. 2 49. 3 2. 2 23. 1 1. 1 26. 9 1. 3 38. 7 0. 3 27. 0 0. 9 44. 6 0. 56. 7 0. 1 23. 1 0. 4 28. 7 0. 2 33. 6 0. 3 23. 0 0. 7 41. 6 0. 8 53. 7 0. 1 29. 5 0. 6 32. 6 1. 6 37. 5 0. 2 Bc 43. 3 1. 7 58. 0 0. 6 + 64. 5 0. 6 80. 4 1. 1 + 33. 3 1. 5 56. 0 0. 8 72. 3 0. 2 41. 3 1. 7 52. 6 1. 2 56. 3 0. 5 38. 6 0. 2 41. 3 0. 4 45. 6 0. 7 31. 3 1. 2 48. 6 0. 2 52. 3 0. 3 31. 4 0. 2 34. 6 0. 1 38. 2 0. 3 Gram (A) bacteria Ec 13. 0 0. 2 18. 2 1. 1 25. 8 0. 5 11. 4 0. 6 13. 1 0. 7 18. 5 1. 1 11. 3 0. 1 17. 2 1. 6 21. 8 0. 3 28. 1 0. 2 33. 2 1. 3 35. 1 0. 3 33. 4 0. 5 35. 4 0. 3 37. 1 0. 3 26. 1 0. 5 33. 1. 8 34. 1 0. 2 33. 6 0. 8 37. 8 1. 4 39. 5 0. 6 St 12. 5 0. 8 14. 6 1. 1 17. 9 0. 2 53. 6 1. 3 73. 8 0. 5 78. 1 0. 8 12. 5 0. 8 14. 6 1. 1 17. 9 0. 2 20. 6 1. 8 32. 7 2. 0 41. 3 0. 3 17. 2 0. 1 18. 6 0. 7 19. 3 0. 5 18. 6 1. 4 31. 7 1. 0 40. 3 0. 3 21. 9 0. 5 25. 6 0. 7 28. 9 1. 3 Pa 1659 25. 7 0. 6 + + 20. 5 0. 1 21. 4 0. 8 25. 8 0. 1 26. 7 0. 5 + + 50. 2 1. 2 56. 5 0. 8 60. 2 0. 3 40. 6 0. 4 45. 3 0. 8 56. 2 0. 7 30. 2 1. 1 48. 5 0. 6 59. 2 0. 1 24. 3 0. 4 26. 3 1. 5 27. 3 1. 1 Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark volatile oilBark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde Ampicillin Bs = Bacillus subtilis Sa = Staphylococcus aureus Bc = Bacillus cereus Ec = Escherichia coli St = Salmonella typhi Pa = Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (+) indicates complete inhibition. a Average of three replicates. level of 500 lg mLA1. Another report (Smith-Palmer et al. , 1998) found the MICs of C. zeylanicum against E. coli and S. aureus were 0. 05% and 0. 04%, respectively. To con? rm the relationship of the constituents in cinnamon leaf and bark and antimicrobial activity, the major components were tested for antimicrobial activity. The results are shown in Tables 35.Among both constituents, E-cinnamaldehyde possessed better activity and these ? ndings are quite similar with the results of Chang et al. (2001). However, eugenol, in spite of being phenolic compound, failed to inhibit the fungal growth by inverted petriplate method but when it was added directly to the growth media in higher concentrations, it appeared to inhibit completely the microbial growth. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that essential oils and oleoresins are very heterogeneous mixtures of a single substances, biological actions are in the first place due to these components in a very complicated concert of synergistic or antagonistic e? cts. Table 6 Comparison of scavenging e? ects of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils and oleoresins against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals Sample Radical scavenging activitya (%) DPPH radical 5 lL Leaf oil Leaf oleoresin Eugenol Bark oil Bark oleoresin E-cinnamaldehyde BHA BHT a Hydroxyl radical 15 lL 69. 9 74. 1 65. 2 76. 2 89. 3 72. 3 92. 1 89. 2 20 lL 72. 1 76. 7 71. 3 82. 1 91. 2 75. 1 94. 7 91. 7 25 lL 73. 9 91. 2 92. 9 83. 6 95. 3 78. 3 96. 4 94. 9 5 lL 31. 2 43. 6 39. 4 51. 2 57. 6 49. 8 71. 3 66. 2 10 lL 55. 7 57. 1 45. 1 57. 6 62. 3 53. 6 75. 1 72. 1 15 lL 63. 5 70. 4 54. 3 73. 1 68. 9 57. 1 78. 75. 3 20 lL 68. 1 73. 6 61. 5 76. 9 71. 2 65. 2 81. 7 77. 5 25 lL 72. 2 86. 1 68. 2 79. 6 78. 6 68. 3 84. 9 83. 2 10 lL 58. 7 58. 9 56. 8 73. 5 87. 5 68. 1 89. 3 85. 1 45. 2 51. 3 41. 3 71. 1 75. 6 65. 3 78. 4 81. 2 Average of three replicates. 1660 G. Singh et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 (2007) 16501661 Chang, S. T. , Chen, P. F. , Chang, S. C. , 2001. 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(Eds. ), Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their E? ects on Health.American Chemical Society, New York, pp. 5472. 4. Conclusion The present study provided the potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the volatile oils and oleoresins of cinnamon leaf and bark. The oleoresins have shown better e? ect on primary and secondary oxidation products in must ard oil. The radical scavenging activity and other complementary assays are also in good correlation. Moreover, the potency of the constituents such as eugenol and cinnamaldehyde could provide a chemical basis for some of the health bene? ts claimed for cinnamon and warrant further studies to assess their potential as e? ctive natural remedies. Acknowledgements We are thankful to Head, Chemistry Department, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur for providing laboratory facilities. Prof. K. D. S. Yadav of our department is also thanked for providing spectral facility. invigoration Sciences Research Board, DRDO, New Delhi and CONICET and Consejo de Investigaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman (CIUNT) Argentina are also thanked for ? nancial assistance. References Adams, R. P. , 2001. Identi? cation of Essential Oils Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, IL, USA.Amvam Zolla, P. H. , Biyiti, L. , Tchoumbougnan g, F. , Menut, C. , Lamaty, G. , Bouchet, P. , 1998. Aromatic plant of tropical Central Africa. Part XXXIII, Chemical composition and antifungal activity of thirteen essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13, 107114. AOCS. 1990. O? cial methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists Society Method cd-83 and method cd-1890, fourth ed. , American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign. AOCS. 1998. O? cial methods peroxide value. 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Cinnamon bark oil, a potent fungi toxic against fungi causing respiratory tract mycoses. Allergy 50, 995999. Smith-Palmer, A. , Stewart, J. , Fyfe, L. , 1998. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against ? ve important food-borne pathogens. Letters in Applied Microbiology 26, 118122. Sokal, R. R. 1973. Introduction to Biostatistics. WH Freeman and company, San Francisco, pp. 164185. Takacsova, M. , Pribela, A. , Faktorova, M. , 1995. Study of the antioxidative e? ects of thyme, sage, juniper and oregano. Nahrung/Food 39, 241243. Wong, J. W. , Hashimoto, K. , Shibamoto, T. , 1995. Antioxidant activities of rosemary and sage oleoresins and vita min E in a model meat system. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 45, 2707 2712. Yepez, B. , Espinosa, M. , Lopez, S. , Bolanos, G. , 2001. Producing antioxidant fractions from herbaceous matrices by supercritical ? uid extraction. Fluid Phase Equilibria 4887, 16.

Evaluation of my Body Image Health Campaign

My health running had a verifying impact on my target audience because they were able to learn active factors that can cultivate their views on consistence shape and how to set themselves. At the start of my health campaign, my target audience were insecure and unaw be of the impact it can become on their development. I used the results of the supply questionnaire to get an indication of what my target audience had fancy about themselves in the rootage place I carried out my health campaign in order to comp ar and contrast the results of my feedback questionnaire.The graph above shows that the health campaign was helpful because on that point were less(prenominal) insecurity than I discovered in the planning questionnaire. There were 81 pupils that were insecure in the planning questionnaire. The number reduced in the feedback questionnaire to 12. This is a massive improvement because it showed that my health campaign had a positive impact on my target audience. My teac hers and head of sixth form had praised me on the success of the campaign. I had also changed their views on torso image field of studys. majority of them didnt show on it as a major problem due to students not being open or tot all in allyy.Read also Six Dimensions of Health WorksheetThis is the rationality why I had chosen to do a questionnaire rather than an interview. It is easier for pupils to be open and express their concerns in a written form because interviews can make them take on or restrain, which would result on my health campaign not being effective due to denial. Before carrying out my health campaign on consistency image issues, I had to draft up a planning questionnaire to find out what my target audience, which is year septette pupils that attend my school, find problematic with their form and what factors influence them in drafting up a everlasting(a) body.From the planning questionnaire I was able to discover that girls were 2% more insecure about the ir body image than boys. This might be because girls have drafted up an image of a perfect body tall, skinny and athletic in their heads. If they dont forgather into the categories, they see themselves as a worthless or ugly. I had asked in my planning questionnaire How important to you is your appearance? The question was a closed-ended. Majority of the questions I had asked in my questionnaire was closed-ended because it would provide a quantity data that can be used as statistic.All the girls and 82% of boys had ticked yes. This made me be aware that boys and girls see their appearance to be important, it is something they value. This implies that boys and girls in year seven are insecure about their body image. I had asked the pupils that had ticked yes to elaborate the reason why they think it is important. Majority of the girls saw it as a necessity and the boys viewed it as a goal. This was an indication that I should educate these pupils about valuing their body. I did fin d out that 65% of boys are more believably to compare their body type to their peers, famous athletes and family members.The questions I asked How often do you compare yourself to new(prenominal) girls or boys? there was a fistful of boys that ticked yes than girls, and further on I asked them to elaborate their answer. Majority of the boys wrote that peer pressure and the mass media had an impact on how they viewed themselves. They would often be exposed to well-built athletes and pressured to getting the perfect body to impress girls. If they dont fit into a certain category they would often get verbal abuse from their male peers. From the minary enquiry I had done for my health campaign, I had learned that boys would judge each other more than girls.Debbie Epstein (1998) and Francis (2001) had examined the way masculinity is constructed within schools. They found that boys are likely than girls to be harassed, labelled as sissies and subjected to homophobic (anti-gay) verbal abuse if they appear to be swots, which is a term to describe someone that studies or behaves similar to a girl. A feminine boy would be subjected to verbal abuse from other boys because he does not look and behave the same. From a new(a) age boys arrive at a certain norms and value and if it is broken, then the boy would be socially excluded.One critical issue that arose in the planning questionnaire is that there was a handful of boys that perceive their body shape as phantasmagorical. I had asked another closed-ended question Do you perceive your shape in an unrealistic way? There were a large proportion of boys that had ticked yes, 15% more than girls. This links to what I mentioned about boys being exposed to well-built and muscled men from mass media in the previous paragraph. Year seven boys dont usually have toned muscles because they have not yet fully developed their body since boys tend to go through pubescence when they are teenagers.It had worried me that boys and girls in year seven had ticked yes in that particular question because for them to see their body type as unrealistic. We associate the word unrealistic to impractical and unworkable. This meaning that the pupils saw their body shape as a problem that they could not change. Another critical issue that had surfaced in the planning questionnaire is that there was a large bar of girls that had saw their body size to be a sign as a personalized blow. There were a less than half of boys that had the same view.I had asked another closed-ended question that was Do you think that your body size or shape is a sign of personal failure? To view your body shape or size as a personal failure is distressing because it can lead to eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, which is life-threatening because it can hazard a persons emotional, physical, social and intellectual. This is problematic since pupils in year seven are still developing. A personal failure is usually something we regre t constantly and has more of an emotional affect because we often sapidity distressed due to viewing ourselves as worthless.This is another reason why I had decided to carry on my research with twain genders because the year seven pupils are insecure about their body. The last critical issue that ascended on the planning questionnaire is that both girls and boys felt embarrassed, mortified and ashamed of their body. The questions I had asked was Do you feel ashamed, self-conscious, and anxious about your body? There was an equal amount of boys and girls had ticked yes, which had highlighted the fact that both genders are equally distressed about their body.This can be linked to what I had mentioned about the emotions leading to eating disorders that can affect their development. I had viewed this as a critical question because of the affect it has on the pupils. This further encourage me to pursue my health campaign on educating year seven pupils about valuing their body image. T he feedback questionnaire had shown the effectiveness of the shops, which I had organised. I had discovered that the Building vanity store had an average of 7.I had asked the pupils How did you find the Building Self-Esteem store? and gave them the option of scoring the effectiveness of each shop classs from 1-10 (1 being bad and 10 being good). For the Building Self-Esteem shop to have an average of 7 is viewed as a success because it shows that the pupils were able to learn something important and build up their confidents, which would build their self-esteem. The purpose of the workshop is was to encourage pupils to get mixed and lead the act with little help from teachers and the Youth Club leaders.I was expecting a handful of the pupils to not get involved in the performance and was surprised to see that a lot of them were joining in the activities and leading it. The structure self-esteem workshop was a success because the pupils contributed to the workshop. The chain reactor Media workshop had been more of a success than the building self-esteem workshop because it had achieved an average score of 9 in the feedback questionnaires. I had asked the pupils How did you find the battalion Media workshop? I gave them a scale from 1 to 10 again. This is because if I wanted to calculate the average number rather than getting a simple yes or no.The reason why the pupils had favoured the Mass Media workshop over the Building Self-Esteem might be because the Mass Media workshop had highlighted to the students that celebrities, such as Taylor Swift have body image issues. The pupils had learned that body image insecurity can affect everybody, even those that they admire. An average score of 9 had shown that the Mass Media workshop was effective because it indicates that the pupils had learned something from the workshop.The critical question I had asked in my feedback questionnaire was Did you learn anything from the campaign? This was a closed and opene d question because I had given the option of ticking yes or no and a blank space for those that ticked yes to state what they had learned from my health campaign. I am proud to say that all the pupils had ticked yes and majority of them wrote that they had learned to value their body shape and size. Some wrote fine answered on specific activities and the impact it had on them. For example a student wrote that they had found the Building Self-Esteem workshop helpful because they had been successful in interacting with other pupils and had become more confidence.I was really pleased with the results of this question because it shows that my health campaign. Overall, the questionnaires were helpful in creating my campaign and the impact it had. The planning questionnaire had helped me to get a generalised idea of why and how my target audience are insecure about their body shape and size. The planning questionnaire had also helped me design activities and workshop. I came up with the Mass Media workshop when the pupils had written that they were highly influenced by what they saw on the mass media, which consist of newspapers, magazines, televisions, mobile phones, internet and etc.I wanted to show the pupils that it is dead alright to be insecure because it is in human nature to be worried about how we look. This sparked the idea of using celebrities, who are the tidy sum that around young children look up to. If a celebrity, like Taylor Swift or Adele is insecure then it is perfectly fine to accept help from professionals, like the celebrities have done. The feedback questionnaire was useful in giving me an indication how useful my health campaign about body image issues. It had helped me know which of my workshops and assembly was more effective.This was the first assembly and the Mass Media workshop. If I ever decided to do another body image issues campaign for another year group I can use the results of both questionnaires to help construct the campaig n. There was no unexpected outcome that was challenging. I had predicted that there would be less insecurity in the end of the campaign compared to before. This is because I had high hopes for the success of the health campaign. The pupils had cooperated efficiently in both workshops and assemblies. In the Building Self-Esteem workshop, the pupils had all taken their roles seriously and had performed extremely well.The outcome for most of people was really good because everyone was ecstatic and participating efficiently. I remembered watching the pupils playacting in the Building Self-Esteem workshop with their goofy grins and joyful laughter. I was very pleased and shocked at the cheers and the cooperation from pupils and surprisingly teachers. Some teachers did volunteer in the second assembly to share their experience with accepting themselves. In general, I was glad of how well the campaign had impacted my target audience and some of the teachers and staff at my school, such as the dinner-ladies.The Head of Sixth Form at my school had personally asked me if I was considering doing my campaign again for other year groups. I had considered doing my campaign for students in year eight and ten because when I was in those year groups I was insecure about my body and I had heard that other students are worried about the way they look as well. The teachers that were involved in the campaign had asked some specific questions regarding the campaign and the local youth club I attend because I had people from the youth club aid me organise the campaign.I had given them the information about the campaign and the youth club. Evaluation of the Health Campaign The first assembly was the introductory period where I introduced myself and I informed the children about what would be happening for the rest of the day. I had also explained the importance of body image insecurity and the impact it can have on a person. The student had listened effectively and I had not run ou t of time. The assembly was insightful to many pupils because it had informed them of what would be the problems of accepting yourself. The second assembly was also a success.However, it was more time consuming because some of the teachers had volunteered willingly to discuss the issues they had experienced with valuing their body shape and size. I did appreciate it and thought it had been a valuable and beneficial for the campaign. The Building Self-Esteem workshop was effective because the pupils had cooperated effectively. They had performed the short play as a group and no one was excluded. The workshop did take longer than expected. This might have been because the pupils had performed the activity a little slower than anticipated.It wasnt problematic because the groups had performed their play the period before break. This meant that I could take a bit of their break time to make up for the few minutes that was necessary to finish the workshop. The students were not disappoint ed and were actually having fun performing and watching their peers. The cheering of pupils did get out of control. I had to ask them to clap after the play is finished because it was hard to hear the pupils performing. The pupils did follow instructions. The Mass Media workshop had gone to plan because the pupils had absorbed the information.I was not surprised at the success of the Mass Media workshop because I had predicted it to be a realisation. The pupils were clueless about the fact that insecurities of body shape and size can affect anyone. The workshop was quicker than the Building Self-Esteem workshop because it had finished on time all group had been successful in completing the task without any problems. There were a lot of praises from pupils and teachers for the Mass Media workshop. I think this was because the workshop had included people that they I idolise and watch on television.The resources I used to promote my campaign were leaflets and posters. I had handed the pupils and the teachers the leaflets at the end of the second assembly. The leaflets had included the instauration from both assembly in order to remind the students of what they had learned on the day. I would want for the pupils to remember what had happened in the campaign and therefore, I would use the leaflets and the mark as a way for them to remember. I had placed the posters around my school in the canteen, toilets, corridors and classrooms. I had decided to put the poster up three weeks before the actual campaign.This way the children would be informed of what was happening in a couple of week. The Head of Sixth Form in my school I had provided me a budget of ?50 to spend on my health campaign. I decided to spend the money that was provided by my school on a personalised badge from Camaloon. This is because the personalised badge can be a small reminder to my target audience in valuing their body. The badge had said There is No hurt Way to Have a Body. This quote had h elped increase the pupils self-esteem because it would show the children that there is nothing wrong with their body type.The personalised badge had cost ?39. 5 and the quantity is 100, which is helpful because there is 90 students in year seven. The badge had cost ?28. 09, and there was a VAT increase of ?6. 88 and the delivery shoot was ?4. 67, altogether it had cost ?39. 65. I really liked the design because it had attracted both genders and they didnt exclude anybody due to the colours being red and black, which are unwashed colours. Boys and girls wont be ashamed to wear the badge. I was given permission from the school to use their account in Camaloon to create and purchase the badge. I did have to order the badge in advance, just in case of delivery delays.The badges had arrived a week before my health campaign event and I was successful in not spending over the budget. The approach I used for the campaign was educational and behavioural. This is because I wanted to teach children in their first year of alternate education to value themselves as a person. I had used the activities to change the pupils behaviours because their self-esteem would increase. This had made the pupils more confident and outspoken. The Building Self-Esteem was an activity that I created to make the children feel valued. Identify that beauty, well-being and strength come in all sizes.Carol Johnson, author of Self-Esteem Comes in all Sizes says that actual beauty includes whats inside, your passion for life, your playful spirit, a smile that illuminates up your face, your sympathy for others. This is a good quote to show that all sizes are beautiful. I want to set an example of admiration for size diversity. Children naturally come in different sizes and builds and that is fine. I feel that I have met my aims and objectives because the pupils in year seven have cooperated well in the workshop and had told me personally that the campaign was very useful.My aim was to educate young females and males that have just started secondary education into valuing their body. This was because girls and boys in year seven tend to be more insecure about their body compared to other year groups in secondary education. This may be due to puberty or a new environment. Primary schools had a smaller classroom size than high schools. This can make girls and boys that were already cautious about their body changing, more insecure because of a larger peer group subculture. Early or late bloomers may feel like they are developing differently to their peer groups.My objective was to tackle low self-esteem in preteens in the first year of secondary education by organising a focus group in the school I attend. I had put the focus group for pupils in year seven only. I had found out if I had accomplished my aim and objective from the feedback questionnaire. The students had given the workshops a high average score (Ive mentioned this on the impact of audience) and had found the campaign to be useful. If I was doing this task again I would like to expand the campaign for pupils in year 8 and so on.This is because low self-esteem and body image issues can occur in other year groups. I would very much like to educate the other years. Unfortunately, my main focus on the campaign was on year seven because that is the starting point for most children. There are some pupils that have not been taught why it is important to value your body. I might use a different approach because they would be older than my target audience. This might be done by adding another workshop about self-harming and the affect it has a persons health. That might be interesting for pupils.