Crime Is A Social Construction - 1083 Words

In this essay I will be discussing Christie’s (2004) viewpoint that crime is a social construction, drawing viewpoints from Henry (2001), Walklate (2007), and Cohen (1972). Firstly, it is important to address the construction of the dictionary definition of crime and then to delve further into the changing nature of crime itself, also reflecting on crime within certain contexts. This will happen by looking at the current definition of crime and cross-examining it with Christie’s theoretical perspective, and then contrasting this with differing viewpoints who look at it from a broader perspective in regards to time and different cultures. Firstly, Oxford Dictionaries (n.d.) currently defines crime as ‘an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law’ and a social construct as ‘a concept or perception of something based on the collective views developed and maintained within a society or social group’. Christie (2004) offers an alternative perspective that crime, as an entity, does not exist and is a social construct. He mentions that ‘crime does not exist. Only acts exist, acts often given different meanings within various social frameworks. Acts, and the meaning given them, are our data.’ He discusses the theory that crime is utilised as a universal classification for a range of bad ‘acts’. Within the context of crime, these ‘acts’ consist of a range of behaviours that members of a society have reached a moral consensus on what is seen asShow MoreRelatedCrime As A Social Construction Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Introd uction Crime is a social construction, and behaviour defined as criminal varies across time and place. Crime is an act that violate moral behaviour, but why is that not all behaviours that violate moral behaviour are labelled as crime? This is because crime is defined differently across different societies and different times. Neutralisation and drift theory helps us to explain why people abuse children by showing us how perpetrators rationalise their guilt for these actions before theyRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Crime1173 Words   |  5 Pagesare seemingly different representations of race and crime. They are different in how they are constructed for their perceived audience in the majority and the opinion that is supposed to be evoked by the event. Within the public perception of crime in reality there is abundant racism that has been socially constructed over many generations. Whereas media crime is gentrified and critiqued in such a way as to support fears and intrigue int o crime through violence from what could rarely happen to theRead MoreCrime Is A Social Construction Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesCrime is often described as socially constructed, which influences our understanding of who commits a crime. Firstly, labelling theorists argue that crime is a social construction based on the powerful’s reaction to certain behaviour, those who are deviant are people that have been labelled as such. Marxists claim the bourgeoise construct crime in order to criminalise the proletariat, get away with their own deviance and maintain their own dominance. Neo-marxists look at how moral panics create aRead MoreOutline and assess the role of the police in the social construction of crime (50 marks)1735 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Outline and assess the role of the police in the social construction of crime (50 marks) Social construction refers to the way in which crime and deviance in society might be created and shaped by society and social institutions. This can occur in a number of different ways. For example, they can influence public perception and definitions of what establishes crime and deviance, deviants or non-deviants. They can also influence the amount of crime in society by amplifying it therefore clampingRead MoreCrime Is An Act Against The Law1334 Words   |  6 PagesCrime is an act against the law where the consequence of conviction by a court is punishment is a serious one such as imprisonment. The Oxford English Dictionary states that crime is: - â€Å"An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare†¦An evil or injurious act; an offence, a sin†. The government usually set laws that the people must follow, punishment is given for those who lighten those laws. The legal or criminal justice system applies the law and punis hesRead MoreCampus Crime : The Dark Side Of The Ivory Tower1456 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last two and half decades, campus crime as a social issue has come to the forefront of public attention and is regularly reported in both print and electronic media. Specific and general legislation has also been passed in order to prevent campus crime from occurring as well as to educate those who are either in danger of victimization or have the ability to prevent victimization and assure that justice is done. However, campus crime is not a new issue in regard to its occurrence, only inRead MoreOutline the View That Crime Is Socially Constructed Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesoffer different definitions of crime, suggesting that it is a social construction as it varies across culture, time and belief. It will examine the role of social construction, through interpretation and meaning, in the identification, reporting and legal consequences of criminal acts. After illustrating how fear, escalated by the media, can directly affect crime, it will conclude that crime and its consequences are socially constructed. The obvious definition of crime is the legal definition ofRead MoreA New Deal For Victims And Witnesses Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesThis shows that the criminal justice system is keen to rebalance its focus on victims, witnesses and communities (Thomas, 2016). This will be evident when exploring approaches such as the restorative justice process. As well as providing the social construction of victimisation; the study will highlight the impact of criminal behaviour in a broader sense linking with diversity and discrimination. Finally, the more recent approach in working with victims via various organisations will be assessed andRead MoreCrime and Punishment Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesCrime at its simplest is an act prohibited by law upon pain of punishment (Hall-Williams 1964). Theorists such as McCabe (1983:49) stated that no word in legal and criminological terms could define the word crime for the varying content in which an act is categorised. Due to the broad spectrum s urrounding crime, differing understandings about human subjects and premises lead to the development of several theories, assumptions and forms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often citedRead MoreEssay about Criminal Justice Myths and Facts1363 Words   |  6 Pages Compare and contrast crime myths and facts. The media plays a huge role in forming peoples perceptions of crime. Without the media we would remain ignorant to occurrences outside our direct social groups. The media and especially news coverage therefore provides us with an important point of contact with the rest of society. In evaluating its effect on popular perceptions of crime it becomes important to consider where most of the information comes from and how representative it is on

The Second World War (WWII) Essays - 572 Words

World War I was the cause for World War II nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I believe that world war 1 led to world war 2. the main reason is the treaty of Versailles. the allies totally screwed Germany and were totally unfair. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The allies forbade Germany to have an army of more than 100,000 men, a fleet of more than 36 warships, submarines of any kind, and military air craft. They could not maintain fortifications or military installations within 50km of the Rhine land. And to all that Germany was required to pay large sums of money as reparations for damages that the allies had taken during the war. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The league of nations had the responsibility of keeping the peace, and although†¦show more content†¦France responded by letting Germany have a standing army of 300,000 men and an air force 50% that of Frances.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Austria had a party modeled after the nazi party and when Austrias chancellor was assassinated the party attempted a coup d’etat. However Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini would not stand by and let this happen so he sent Italian troops to the borders in order to stop the takeover. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mussolini has always want Ethiopia as an economic colony, and they knew that Ethiopia belonged to the league so they could get support from Britain and France, but he also knew that Britain and France were not on good terms and would never agree on anything, so he attacked Ethiopia. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Russia and the rest of the European world were making treaties that would encircle Germany in case of aggression and would clearly bring any power to war if Germany showed any acts of aggression to any of its neighbors. This was called the stressa front, and it angered the Germans into getting prepared for war even more. This made Hitler think that the rest of the European world was against him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;But that proved to be wrong, later on Britain made a deal with him that he couldShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Second World War (WWII)1018 Words   |  5 Pages WORLD WAR TWO nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The second world was is the ugliest brutally violent emotionally damaging war ever. Through out this term paper I will use various references to inform you about how the United States wanted to stay out of the dangers of war with powerful ruthless countries. How Americans battled through many conflicts and various attacks, and finally builds up to the mighty United States of America becoming a huge world power. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The war cameRead More The Second World War (WWII) - Causes And Effects Essay1925 Words   |  8 Pages World War II: Causes, and Affects In the history of the world there are many occurrences that have changed life and the world, as we know it. The history of conflicts in the world is just as long as the histories of man have bee recorded. From the beginning the human species survived off of conflict (between various predators and the environment) and has been nourished by the fruits of war since before the rise of the Roman Empire. World conquest has been the goal of many great generals and a greatRead MoreEssay about United States Involvement in The Second World War (WWII)615 Words   |  3 Pages World War II nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As totalitarian sates emerged into power, the United States got involved with World War II to help control these groups and to promote democracy in the European theatre of the world. The party with the most power at the time was the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler. This socialist party was led by a powerful dictator who broke away from the League of Nations and began to conquer vast amounts of territory at a fast rate. The United States wanted to leaveRead MoreThe War I And World War II Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Thirty Years War† World War I and World War II are the largest military conflicts in history. In 1919, Europe attempted to reconstruct the damage left by WWI. After WWI, with the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was left destroyed and destabilized, which eventually laid out the foundation for WWII. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles led to the aggression of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to bring about peace, but Marshall Foch, generalissimo of the Allied Armies in FranceRead MoreWorld War II : The War Ended The Way A Passage Of The Tunnel976 Words   |  4 Pagestunnel A Czech woman who survived a concentration camp once said â€Å"the war ended the way a passage through a tunnel ends† (727). World war 2 was one of the deadliest wars in western Europe. The twentieth century was one to remember in Europe so much went on causing trouble to People and economy physically and mentally. WWII Impacted the western civilization positively for the future. Although the battle lasted over 6 years, after the war things started to get better and the economy and people were buildingRead MoreBattle Of The Great War956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Great War, WWII, and Cold War are described as one big war or not, for sure, each war theoretically ties together. Although the initial cause of the Great War, 1914-1918 is due to the assassination of the Austrian archduke, who was Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, what makes the Great War tied to WWII is the closure war of the series of peace treaties, and also the bitterness and vengeful soldiers. Nevertheles s, there are three big events that tie the Great War, WWII and Cold war togetherRead MoreMost Significant Period Of The 20th Century1171 Words   |  5 Pages World war II was one of the most significant period of the 20th century. The war was fought from 1939 to 1945 in Europe, and during 1930s to 1940s in Asia. The war in Europe began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and ended with the official surrender of Japan, the last axis nation. It was the largest armed conflict in history, involving the entire world’s countries more than the other war. Not only that, WWII introducing powerful new weapons, culminating in the first use ofRead MoreWorld War I and How It May Have Paved the Way for World War II798 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War I Continued The questioned raised is whether or not I believe that WWII was a continuation of WWI. I do believe WWII happened as a result of some of the things which came out of WWI, however, not necessarily as a continuation. Although both wars had similarities, they were both fought between different groups of countries and both for different reasons. There were different alliances in both wars. WWI and WWII were the largest military battles in human history. In WWI, WoodrowRead MoreCanada s Prosperity And Success1082 Words   |  5 PagesBank of Canada. Web. 27 Apr. 2015); and WWII, and how it changed Canada into a key part in the future. (C.P. Stacey. Second World War (WWII). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 27 Apr. 2015); all contributed to the changing of Canada. During the period 1930 to 1945 Canada gave and developed as an independent country due to the Statute of Westminster giving us independence; the Bank of Canada, and how it stabilized our economy; and, our participation in WWII earning us more recognition and boostingRead MoreWomen During Wwi During Wwii Essay981 Words   |  4 Pages Women During WWII Many aspects of World War II are instantly recognized and known, such as the countries involved and the Holocaust. However, many vital particulars of the war are overlooked. One of these such topics are the parts women played in this fight. Women s role in the war and their ordinary life varied depending on where they lived and their situation. American Women Prior to WWII, American women would typically stay home. They cooked and cleaned, but all this soon changed. Once the

Intelligence Reporting and Security Essay Example For Students

Intelligence Reporting and Security Essay 30 March 2002INTELLIGENCE REPORTING AND SECURITYIntelligence report writing takes a lot of preparation before finalizing or conducting a brief. There are many different techniques that can be used to present information that has been discovered during an intelligence investigation. Various charts can be used to analyze the timelines, criminal activities, financial activities, or biographical profiles to prove or disprove lawful conduct of the individual or the organization. The activity flow chart shows the different steps that have been taken in a complex operation. By breaking the steps down, it becomes easier for the analyst and law enforcement organizations to identify the misconduct of a complicated operation. The activity flow chart is also used along with other charts to help further demonstrate probable activity. Assessments are made after and during a strategic investigation. These assessments help to move from a broad or well-defined position and further investigate closer to the source(s). There are two types of assessments: General and Specific. A general assessment provides an overview while a specific assessment can disclose threats and vulnerabilities. An Association analysis is used to show the relationships between people, groups, or organizations to show criminal or non-criminal activity. The association matrix is used as an interim product that includes police reports, surveillance reports, field interviews, corporate records, testimony, informant data, public record data, and other information. The association analysis can be used to indicate other possible criminal activity. The association chart is used in conjunction with the association analysis to depict relationships. The way that the chart is used can provide new information about a network or the operational mode of a conspiracy. In order to interpret the association chart, a few mechanisms must be understood. First, the person in the center of the chart may not be the head of the criminal activity or conspiracy. More likely than not, this person may merely be the easiest person to contact and track by the analyst. Second, the association chart is only a snapshot and relationships may change from day to day. An association matrix is chart made up of rows and columns depicting every relationship that an individual has. Information is taken from investigative reports, public records, and testimony. Each person that is associated will also have as many known other relationships as well. Another type of an analysis that can be utilized is the bank record analysis. This is simply following the money trail and tracking how much money is being spent. The money that is spent can lead directly to other entities that may need to be uncovered in order to draw a clear picture about a criminal activity. This type of analysis can uncover illegal income, skimming, business fraud, or money laundering. The use of time line events is also very helpful in drawing a picture of activities occurring over a period of time. There are a couple of ways to use a timeline. One can be used to judge an individuals or an organizations criminal activity from day to day and another can be used to demonstrate a pattern i n an area of similar criminal activity. The latter can be used to assess the threat or vulnerability of a particular area. The telephone record analysis is used to find out more information about whom the suspect is contacting. The data can be generated from telephone bills or non-audio wire intercepts (dialed numbered recorders or pen registers). A dialed number recorder (DNR) machine will provide information on all the numbers that are a made from a telephone line. Keeping track of the calls made from known criminals can open doors to finding out new unknown conspirators. A telephone record chart is a tool used to visually see all of the calls made from one or several lines. Many times, several telephone records will be obtained to demonstrate the back and forth telephone calls as well as calls made to other sources. The visual chart is easier to understand than sheets of typed information and should be analyzed to determine its meaning. Puritans EssaySome guidelines for an oral report are find out how much time is allotted, identify the audience, plan the brief, choose the key points, develop graphics for presentation, memorize sources/documentation for material in visuals, develop potential questions, and practice. The three keys mentioned above along with the guidelines will enable any analyst to give an oral report that will not put the audience to sleep. Probably the most important guideline is to identify the audience. You will not be able to talk about the physics involved with the analysis to a group of street cops, therefore you will have to keep the information basic as long as you make your point and dont leave anything out. Security surrounds the intelligence process. There are many different types of security, the first being operations security. Operations security is the controlling of any facts about an operation/activity to avoid compromising the entire operation. The steps that can be reviewed prior to or during the planning of a law enforcement operation are identifying critical information, conducting a threat analysis, performing a vulnerability analysis, applying countermeasures. A countermeasure is anything that is done to counter the adversarys ability to access or exploit your information. One-way to compromise an entire operation is to disclose just a little bit of information about it. If you tell a little and someone else says a little and another leaks a little, then the entire operation will be known if the wrong person puts it all together. The best way to avoid an operation being compromised is to not leak anything at all. The role of counterintelligence in law enforcement is to impl ement countermeasures and to try and find out what the criminal may or may not know about any operation. The counterintelligence officer is basically the checks and balances of the agency. Their job is to keep the agency from compromising information as well as obtaining as much intelligence about the adversarys knowledge as well. Communication security involves cryptography, transmission security, etc; and physical security is the actual gate guard and physical barriers that block unclassified personnel from obtaining any information. The use of documents security is another way to ensure that unclassified personnel are aware that the item that they may be trying to look at is classified, and all classified items should be clearly marked in order to avoid any confusion. Intelligence reporting and security are not simple tasks and do deserve a lot of attention. In order for information to be reported correctly it must be researched/collected and analyzed with an unbiased eye. A lot of times an investigator has a sole purpose of convicting a suspect, whereas the analyst has a sole purpose of getting and relaying as much information about a subject as possible. The analyst must keep in mind that all facts should be disclosed to appropriate personnel and after processed, protected from anyone that does not have the need or the right to know. SOURCES USEDLowenthall, M.M. INTELLIGENCE: FROM SECRETS TO POLICY. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2000. (Chap 7)Peterson, M.B. APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL ANALYSIS. Westport,CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998. (Chap 2 and 3)Peterson, M.B. INTELLIGENCE 2000: REVISING THE BASICELEMENTS. Sacramento, CA: LEIU, 2000. (Chap 9 and 12)Sulc, L.B. LAW ENFORCEMENT: COUNTER INTELLIGENCE. ShawneeMission, KS: Varro Press, 1996. (Part 1 Section 1, Part 2Section 10, Appx A)

The Imperialistic Views Of Robinson Crusoe Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Imperialistic Positions of Robinson Crusoe In Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe illustrates the beliefs of a eighteenth century British citizen. Robinson Crusoe, stranded on an island, takes it upon himself to better those around him. He takes the clip to educate Friday and learn him? civil? ways. Crusoe feels the load of a British citizen for he believes that it is necessary and a Christian thing to make. Crusoe positions Friday as an inferior being and feels that he should break this being by demoing him the true manner of life that is exemplified by a gentleman. This imperial position was held by most Britain and was what they felt as a moral duty to demo inferior people the right manner. Robinson Crusoe sees his state of affairs as a clip to set up another subdivision of the British Empire and appointed himself king. He viewed everything on the island as being his. We will write a custom essay sample on The Imperialistic Views Of Robinson Crusoe Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Robinson Crusoe thought himself to be the most superior being therefore is was necessary to steer everything in the British mode. When he discovers and saves Friday, he is wary of allowing person of such meager life styles stay with him. Yet Crusoe still takes the clip to educate this adult male and learn him how to function his maestro. Crusoe named Friday to remind him of the twenty-four hours that he saved his life. This was supposed to trade name Friday with an everlasting debt to Crusoe. Another imperialist action that Crusoe takes is learning Friday English. He makes perfectly no attempt to larn the linguistic communication of Friday? s people and the first word that he teaches Friday is Master. This is so that Friday will acknowledge the fact that Crusoe is h is superior. After Robinson Crusoe has sufficiently educated Friday he instructs Friday in the ways of Christianity. This is a moral action that Crusoe takes in order to salvage Friday? s psyche. Yet in other facets of their relationship Crusoe frequently contradicts these imperialistic beliefs. Crusoe utilizes Friday as a tool, by doing him work, but he besides sees him as a compatriot. He frequently recounts how loyal a servant Friday was and how he eventually trusted him. He went into conflict and entrusted his life with an inferior being. I do non believe that a British soldier would swear a man-eater with his life. Crusoe has come to believe, though, that Friday has been civilized plenty that he could convey him back with him to England. Crusoe about admires Friday in some cases. For illustration, when Friday kills the bear traversing the mountains, Crusoe seems enchanted with the manner that he handled the Hunt. He was interested by another civilization? s procedure of killing an animate being. This contradicts the imperialistic manner of thought. Crusoe should hold shown Friday the proper manner to dispose of a menace such as a bear. Friday was jeopardizing others? lives by demoing a cultural oddity. Crusoe is under the belief that British citizens have a moral duty to break the lives of inferiors. God who has given him such gifts has placed this moral load upon his shoulders and he must demo others the higher manner. Being stranded on a desert island is a perfect manner to pattern imperialism and Crusoe does merely that. He has taught the indigens English and shown them the right manner to turn to God, therefore practising imperialism.