Undaunted Courage Outline

Chapter 1 Youth 1774 1792 thickset and compend Meriwether Lewiss ances give, birth, and early brio story ar considered. Lewis is born haughty 1774 in Virginia to William Lewis and Lucy Lewis nye Meriwether, cousins. Lewis is born on the tear graduatetide of the American Revolutionary War and his ancestry includes numerous military accomplish custodyts in two lines. Lewis has an senior(a) sister, Jane, and a materializationer brother, Reuben. William Lewis dies of pneumonia in 1779 there later Nicholas Lewis, Williams venerableer brother, give outs family guardian pending Lewis attain custodyt of efficacious age.Lucy Lewis remarries in 1980 to John Marks, and has both additional childrenJohn Hastings and Mary Garland. unriv on the wholeed significant family whizz is doubting Thomas Jefferson, future president of the get together States of America and a near woodlet owner. As a young boy, Meriwether spends a considerable make out of clock time out of doors, inc luding accomp whatsoevering a frontier pi unrivaleder grouping to a immature settlework forcet. He is considered to be curious, inquisitive, coolheaded, and courageous Chapter 2 plantation owner 1792 1794 drumhead and psychoanalysisAlso read Why Nations Fail Chapter 5 compendiumDuring his youth, Lewis develops excellent skills in riding, hiking, and outdoor skills as sanitary as a penchant for what he refers to as rambling that is, run a risk and wilderness travel. He develops a scrupulous honesty and is spaciously considered trusdeucerthy. He assumes plantation managework forcet with modest misgiving over having given up his ball education. Nevertheless, he is a capable administrator, constantly increasing the size of his land holdings. Like closely other plantation owners, he is land rich and cash poor. Slaves lend his plantation and, like near work force of the era, Lewis is non troubled by the moral quandary sla rattling presents.He esteems Native Americans as the archetypical dire savage and moots that one twenty-four hour period they testa custodyt accept European politeness and become productive and co-equal citizens he simultaneously considers African Americans roundwhat sub-human and unable(predicate) of the degree of energy and self-direction necessary for independent success in a free-enterprise Chapter 3 Soldier 1794 1800 analysis and Analysis During the whisky Rebellion of 1794, many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) young men, erstdarn children of the American Revolution, enlist in the military as a show of patriotic fervor.Among the invigorated inductees is Meriwether Lewis who enlists as a individual(a). Although lone(prenominal) a private his considerable wealth, corporeal education, and notability breeding ensure that, he spends close to evenings in the company of officers. He finds life in the service enjoyable and fulfilling. Within a hardly a(prenominal) months, he is booted an ensign in the Virginia Militia . by and by the rebellion is suppress the troops localises argon rapidly thinned done cutbacks, and Lewis retains his limit even with little experiencea fact which speaks well for his capability as a junior officer.He is eventu in all in ally assigned to be army paymaster and spends many months traveling extensively through and through the western frontier areas of the ontogenesis population. He catchs most army officers personally and gets to k at one time their opinions Chapter 4 Thomas Jeffersons America 1801 compend and Analysis When Thomas Jefferson becomes President of the United States of America, the nation numbers slightly less than five and one-half million people. That includes round one million slaves. Geographically, the nation is a long open country, closely limitless in potential, and nearly completely unknow.Overland travel is slow and difficult, rarely averaging to a greater extent than a score of miles in a dayeven over a rarely encountered ro adway. Rivers form the dominant highways and are the nevertheless way to transport substantial bulk materials. The coition positions of the Eastern seaboard states are known, as is the position of the upstage Oregon country. Roughly, three super acid miles of terra incognita lay in between. Jefferson incorrectly speculates that a water route a yen major rivers probably exists which could link the twain population centers.Mean maculation, many European nations, including Spain, France, England, and Russia, are vying for control of the interior of North America. Such Chapter 5 The Presidents deposit 1801 1802 abbreviation and Analysis Meriwether Lewis is serving as army paymaster, when Thomas Jefferson offers him the super sought after job as personal secretary to the president. Lewis in a flash accepts the job. Though he leaves active service, he retains his commission and right to promotion. Jefferson selects Lewis generally because he is a staunch Re humankindan and, imp ortantly, because he knows nearly all of the officers in the army on a personal basis.One of the start tasks Lewis completes is an comprehensive rating of all commissioned officers, placing them into one of several(prenominal) categories, which largely establish their capability as officers and their political beliefs. Many officers are dismissed from the service, in general those who are incompetent hardly alike many who are politically hostile to the raw(a) administration. Lewis performs many duties as secretary, including constant images with congress and interaction with significant political persons. In fact, Lewis delivers Jeffersons first state of theChapter 6 The Origins of the voyage 1750 1802 Summary and Analysis From the earliest years of colonization, the national interest had been captivated by the vast interior space. Many voyages of interior exploration were be after precisely virtually none had come to fruition. Jefferson had personally championed sev eral campaigns. On the most promising assay, the noted dangerous laborr Andry Michaux was selected. Jefferson raised gold through private subscription and Michaux commenced his voyage of exploration.Before getting outlying(prenominal), however, Jefferson point outed Michaux was actually an agent of the cut government, causing the sinless exertion to be canceled. Because of these many unsuccessful experiences, Jefferson comes to believe that a voyage of national exploration would require the financial backup of the Federal government activity. In 1787, a British explorer fields crossing Federal Alberta and stretch oning the Pacific border near capital of South Carolina. Coupled with the recent retrocession of the atomic number 57 territory from Spain to France the news galvanizes Jefferson he determines right away to act to preserve theChapter 7 Preparing for the Expedition January June 1803 Summary and Analysis Jefferson personally attends to Lewis requisite edu cation. As well, Jefferson contacts experts in significant fields and enlists their open-ended assistance as educators, peers, and advisors for Lewis. Lewis thus has discretionary access to the brightest minds in the nation while preparing for his voyage of recrudescey. Meanwhile, the miscellaneous flesh out of planning and organization are covered throughout the chapter. Jefferson develops an extensive chronicle containing instruction, advice, and orders.Lewis makes up lists of supplies and costs, and estimates how many men might be ask to successfully complete the voyage. Lewis to a fault spends a great deal of time acquisition how to perform geographic observations to fix latitude and longitude. Toward the end of the gunpoint discussed in the chapter Lewis begins to accumulate the vast stores of impedimenta required for such(prenominal) a long trip he in particular spends time at Harpers ferryboat securing firearms and overseeing the construction of an Chapter 8 majusc ule to Pittsburgh June August 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis returns to Washington and spends several critical weeks with Jefferson.Copies of the voyage orders document are circulated among Jeffersons intimate electrical circuit and various revisions are proposed and accepted. Lewis meanwhile slip aways to gather maps and fragmentary knowledge of the lately interior of the continent. Jefferson writes and signs a carte blanche order discontinueing Lewis to draw any funds or equipment from any branch or station of the United States Government it also requests private enterprises to assist Lewis so far as feasible and orders military installations to cooperate with Lewis in any circumstance.The author notes the document is the most unlimited letter of credit ever issued by an American president. During this time, a second officer was considered indispensable to the voyages success Lewis immediately extends the offer, by post, to his old friend William Clark. Clark of course acc epts the invitation, forming the most-famous partnership in Chapter 9 Down the Ohio folk November 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins the trip by boarding the newly constructed keelboat and movement down the Ohio River.The extreme lateness of the season (Lewis had hoped to be difference months previously) insured that the Ohios amnionic fluid were very low. Thus, the initial stages of the trip were very slow and the keelboat do merely ten or so miles all(prenominal) day. Lewis begins recording in his diary on August 31, the day he left(p)-hand(a). The text because considers the reputation of the journals Lewis never recorded whether the journals were written during or after the despatch. Further, there are frequent large gaps in the journals where nothing is recordedfor example, May 14, 1804 to April 7, 1805.Modern histories do not know if these journals are helpless or if Lewis simply did not record his observations for these prolonged periods. At any event, Lewis continues on his voyage. The snails pace bit by bit Chapter 10 Up the Mississippi to Winter camp out November 1803 March 1804 Summary and Analysis The mighty Mississippi River pronto convinces Lewis and Clark that they will need til now more(prenominal) men to be successful. Over the coterminous several weeks, the men worked the keelboat and pirogues against the current, difficult hard work claiming only a rougher miles of age each day.The caller continued on, stopping at business posts and fort ups to baffle supplies and review potential recruits. The companionship eventually reaches St. Louis and a brief period of political intrigue follows wherein the local Spanish political didacticser refuses to allow entry to the Americans until the official land transfer of the upper Louisiana territories drop deads. musical composition in St. Louis Lewis sends and receives mail, notably from Jefferson. Additional men and supplies previously sent overland, tryst with th e river political political troupe.With the season and political situation over, the party subsequently winters at Camp woods near St. Louis. Finally, in mid-March, the political handover is accomplished. Chapter 11 give to Depart April May 21, 1804 Summary and Analysis In the spring, Lewis and Clark purchase more provisions and ready to leave. Clarks commission nettly arrives startlingly it is for a lieutenants commission and not a master copys commission as Lewis had promised. Nevertheless, Clark accepts the commission, though seemingly disappointed.Lewis suggests and Clark agrees that they 2 alone will know the true situationto everyone else on the entire voyage, and for years afterward, Clark is known as sea captain William Clark and viewed as Lewis co-commander on the voyage. Lewis appoints an authorised agent in St. Louis, sends of final communiquys, and readies his personal gear for departure. Many of the men attend a final mass service. In the afternoon, the part y departs amidst rain, thunder, lightning, and the rapturous of assembled crowds.For the next two or more years the party knows there will be no letters, no communication and no supplies from their homes. They are isolated Chapter 12 Up the moment May July 1804 Summary and Analysis By dint of nearly superhuman endurance and raw physical specialisation, the party forces the heavy keelboat against the current of the mighty minute River, making up to cardinal miles patterned advance slightly days. The party reaches the Osage River, the Kansas River, and then the Platte River, passing tiny outposts of cast aside settlers and trappers. One settlement of note is Boones Settlement in Kentuckyfounded by Daniel Boone.History does not record whether Lewis and Clark tuck Boone. Strangely, throughout often of this period Lewis keeps no periodic journal. Instead, he evidently spends his time walking ashore and collection plants, animals, and soils specimens while Clark, the better r iver-man, manages the progress of the keelboat. Lewis does issue a comprehensive Detachment Order, which allows forward-looking historians to partially reconstruct the daily routine of the adventuring party. One of Lewis primary directives was the post horse of an active watch to secure the voyageChapter 13 Entering Indian Country August 1804 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins to realize the unprecedented possibilities offered to an knifelike botanist he collects many specimens previously unknown to science and writes protracted monographs using precise and technical terminology. The same paradigm presents with animal lifefor example, on August 12, 1804, Lewis and Clark become the first Americans to see a coyote, which they called a prairie wolf. Near the end of August, the party shoots and eats the first bison cutn by American hunters. The Garden of Eden qualities of the land are not lost on Lewis.Also during August, the party makes their first contact with Indians, meeting Oto s and Missouris. Jeffersons orders instruct Lewis to attempt to peacefully integrate the Indians into the growing American commercial system Jefferson wants to commute British pelt traders with Americans and hopes most or all of the various Indian nations can be integrated with the United States of America. Lewis will Chapter 14 toy with the Sioux September 1804 Summary and Analysis The Sioux kin groups are widely regarded as well organized, militant, and aggressive.Jeffersons instructions to Lewis specifically indicate that the Sioux should be courted especially vigorously as their cooperation would be extremely useful to future American expansion in the area. In early September, the party continues upriver and fortuitously encounters the lost privatehe had assumed the boats were upriver from him and thus has been drop deading ahead of the party for a a couple of(prenominal) weeks. Lewis finds the area of present-day South Dakota some improbably opulent in animal life and he discovers several speciesonce, two in a single daythat are entirely new to science.Lewis and Clark commend with wonder at the hundreds and even thousands of bison that make up vast herds and on the plentiful bounty of the land. Ambrose once again notes that Lewis journals are still for a prolonged period beginning roughly when the party meets the Chapter 15 To the Mandans Fall 1804 Summary and Analysis Throughout September, the voyage continues upriver through panoplies of natural wonder. Huge herds of migrating mammals are seen daily and enormous flights of migrating birds pass overhead. The wear temporizes and frosts kill off the clouds of mosquitoes, as the trip becomes one of entire enjoyment.The party encounters their first grizzly bear they refer to it as a fair bear. They also pass through the deserted outer lands of the once-mighty Arikara tribe abandon villages and lands a mute testimony to the mass deaths recently caused by teensy-weensypox and other complaints. Eventually they arrive at the Arikara heartland and discover a tribe about three thousands strong. The meeting output well and the Indians are couthie. One headland accompanies Lewis and Clark upriver to the next great tribal area of the Mandans, evidently to negotiate peace between the tribes. Many outlying Mandan villages are also deserted due to smallpox, andChapter 16 Winter at assemble Mandan celestial latitude 21, 1804 March 21, 1805 Summary and Analysis The winter proves exceptionally glacial and difficult. Lewis and Clark and their men must rely upon the Mandan Indians for supplies and food. The expedition builds a sturdy fort complete with a palisade wall and substantive interior shelters. On one occasion, a lazy soldier scales the wall rather than return a password and waiting for the gate he is observed by an Indian who subsequently scales the wall in imitation. Lewis and Clark are concerned now that the Indians realize the wall is more show than defensein the ev ent, however, nothing untoward occurs.The winter months are spent hunting, preparing for the coming season, and mingling with the local Indians. York, Lewiss African American slave, proves interesting to the Indians who think at first that he must be colored with paint. Frequent minor political intrigues occur and are documented, as are some of the Indians sensationalistic practices. For example, the Chapter 17 address from fortress Mandan March 22 April 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis In the spring, the keelboat is jam-packed and readied for its return trip to St. Louistoo large to navigate the upper Missouri, it is replaced by small canoes.The keelboat is loaded with specimens, journals, observations, maps, compiled Indian vocabularies, and many long letters. These form the final link between the party and the United States of America until the partys return after many months of exploration. Lewis also sends an accounting of the expenses of the expedition to this point, including a list of all the various letters of credit he has issued on the journey. The expedition hopes to reach the Pacific oceanic and then return as far as the Mandan villages for the winter of 1805-6, and then return and report to Jefferson as early as September 1806.These predictions illustrate that even at this late date Lewis is underestimating the bar of crossing the grating Mountains Chapter 18 From fortress Mandan to Marias River April 7 June 2, 1805 Summary and Analysis The expedition departs in early spring. Lewis refuses several last-minute offers of sexual adventure for the officers and men, even declining to take on several squaws for routine camp company. For many days, Clark involves the river teams of pirogues and canoes while Lewis with a few picked men hikes along the shore, hunting, recording observations, and hive away specimens.Because of the large number of the partyaround thirty-five soulsa especial(a) amount of meat is needful every day. Lewis constantly n otes in his journals that plump for of all kinds is wonderfully great and, unalarmed by humans, easy to secure. For most of the upriver trek Lewis and Clark find the voyage exactly as the Hidatsas had described. Major rivers are found where their rudimentary maps indicate they should be, and the terrain and river conditions are as anticipated. Nevertheless, the journey is binding ground never before explored by modern Americans. GoingChapter 19 From Marias River to the keen Falls June 3 June 20, 1805 Summary and Analysis For several days, Lewis and Clark try to determine which riverthe Missouri or the Mariasis the true Missouri river. Because of the turbidity and temperature, all of the men conclude erroneously that the Marias is the true Missouri. Lewis and Clark, however, in complete isolation determine that the true course of the Missouri lies to the southern forking. Only much later would historians realize that the Hidatsa, traveling overland, would have entirely missed this fork of the river as it occurs in a great blue bend of the Missouri River.Lewis and Clark spend several days scouting a soberly outgo up each river and making numerous observations. They finally conclude that the party must take the south fork. time Clark leads the water party, Lewis and a few picked men rapidly proceed ahead on land to discover if they have selected the wrong branch of the river. They make good Chapter 20 The not bad(p) Portage June 16 July 14, 1805 Summary and Analysis The boat group soon arrives at the base of the falls. Sacagawea falls ill and is nursed by Lewis while the men cut timber and manufacture wheels and crude wagons with which they will haul the canoes and pirogues.The portage harvesting under fair weather solely the work is grueling and accomplished only after many days of toil. At the head of the falls, Lewis assembled the put right frame of his experimental boat and has it covered with wapiti hide. This project is entrancing to Lewis but, apparently, Clark concludes at the outset that it is unpractical. In the end, Clarks opinion proves correctthe hide diligence of the craft cannot be effectively sealed and the constant and rapid leaking through the seams of the skins makes the boat perpetually swamp. After only a few hours of experimenting ith the blameless boat, Lewis must conclude that his experimental crafthand built at Chapter 21 Looking for the Shoshones July 15 August 12, 1805 Summary and Analysis With overloaded canoes, the voyage increase up the Missouri River through difficult terrain. The fierce Mountains enclose the river so closely that Lewis names the initial entrance render of the Rocky Mountains. The voyagers proceed upriver searching for Shoshone Indians from whom they hope to procure horses. They pass what will eventually become the famous remnant Chance Gulch, a fixture rich in gold.Lewis and Clark are not interested in mineral wealth, howeverit is not easily portable and at such a di stance from civilization would prove essentially worthless. First Clark and then Lewis take turns scouting ahead or ranging afar in an attempt to find the Shoshone. Clarks feet become damaged and infected by Prickly Pears, but he still presses on. By the end of July, the men are befitting brokenhearted because of the difficult river work. They are heartened when Sacagawea begins to recognize landmarks and informs them thatChapter 22 Over the Continental basin August 13 August 31, 1805 Summary and Analysis The next day the small group encounters an old Shoshone woman with a luxuriate and engages her in very limited discussion, giving her some gifts. She leads Lewis and his few companions to the Shoshone village. A tense meeting follows where Lewis tries to make himself understood but is apparently erroneous for a trickster from a hostile Indian tribe, even though a white man. A period of tense negotiation follows but Lewis manages to befriend Cameahwait, the principle chief.He convinces the Indians to accompany him downstream to meet Clark. The Indians suspect a trap and thus warily accompany him. Lewis is dumbfounded to reach the location only to discover that Clark is not yet present. He uses several stratagems to cool down the worried Indians until the following day when Clark does arrive. Finally, with Sacagaweas language skills, the Indians fears are largely rock-bottom and a series of agreements are Chapter 23 Over the Bitterroots September 1 October 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis Led by Old toby fillpot jug the party proceeds through the Rocky Mountains, covering incredibly difficult terrain.They meet a group of Salish Indians, purchase a few more horses and continue on. During the next week the weather breaks and snow begins to fall. The journey becomes very difficult and lame is scarce, forcing the killing of three horses to feed the company. Fatigued, hungry, and depressed, the party makes little progressperhaps ten miles per dayand reaches a critical breaking point. approach with starvation Clark takes a few picked hunters and proceeds ahead at a rapid pace with the intent of hunting what game is available and leaving it along the cut through for the larger party, led by Lewis.Lewis group suffers several accidents with horses and oft loses horses during the night but continues doggedly though dysentery and venereal disease weaken the men. Finally, after 160 miles of difficult terrain and Chapter 24 Down the Columbia October 8 December 7, 1805 Summary and Analysis The men recover their strength and make rapid progress down the river. Even with the cumbersome trap canoes the party sticks to the water and runs through numerous long and dangerous rapids.Old Toby becomes so afraid of the rapids that he sneaks off one evening and is not seen again. In early October, the expedition reaches the Snake River. They meet the Nez Percy Indians and establish friendly relations. Although the expedition does not stay in one plac e very long, Lewis manages to compile some language vocabularies and makes some ethnographic observations, including noting that the Indians possess items obviously learnd by craft with European sailors and are, unfortunately, fond of stealing anything they can.By mid-October, they reach the concurrence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers. Toward the end of October, the expedition encounters a prolonged series of savage rapids. Rather than a lengthy portage, Lewis and Clark Chapter 25 Fort Clatsop December 8, 1805 March 23, 1806 Summary and Analysis Amidst violent rain and windstorms, the expedition establishes Fort Clatsop, a small structure with two facing buildings joined by palisade walls to form a small interior parade ground. Lewis issues fortress orders and the long winter months of boredom begin.The men amuse themselves with sexual escapades among the undefended Indians, trading trinkets for partners and contracting venereal disease. Hunting parties wander ever farther afield and food remains very scarce. Lewis establishes a salt-making camp on the coast a few miles from the main fortthe men there boil seawater to collect salt. Throughout the winter, many groups of Chinook and Clatsop Indians visitsome are extremely friendly, others cause minor tensions. Most of the men of the expedition suffer from injury and illness at some point during the winter.Clark repetitively records in his journal that the area brings extreme boredom, monotony, and hunger. On one occasion a small group sets Chapter 26 Jefferson and the West 1804 1806 Summary and Analysis This chapter contains a brief analysis of Thomas Jeffersons vision of the west. In brief, he subscribed to a vision of the United States stretching from coast to coast and considered that the Louisiana territory and the Pacific northwest were both genuinely components of his nation. A strident anti-British politician, he greatly desired to force the British fur traders out of American territory.Jeffers ons views on the proper insurement of Indians are starkly at odds with his historic presentation as a great libertarian and proponent of human rightsthe Indians must any join with the United States of America or remove themselves there would be no credit rating of sovereign rights. Jefferson stated that commerce with the Indians was preferable to military solutions because commerce was more profitable. The chapter also includes a discussion of the reception in St. Louis and Washington of stacks of Indians who accepted Lewis invitation to visitChapter 27 Return to the Nez Percy March 23 June 9, 1806 Summary and Analysis The expedition sets out with a dread of the pending Rocky Mountain traverse. Food is scare and the men have taken to buy and eating Indian dogs. Lewis spends several days making jerky from what game is available. At the campsites through April many starving Indians visit, begging food and stealing trinkets. Tempers in camp flare as the thievery becomes more bal d and minor scuffles are common. On several occasions violent is averted only at the last moment.Rather than fight upriver against rapids and current Lewis determines to return along the Columbia route overland. The expedition has little left which is not necessary and when horses must be purchased, they must sacrifice part of their cooking kit out to obtain them. At the end of April, the expedition meets and stays with Wallawalla and Yakima Indians they are feed and receive more horses and are given information about coach conditions Chapter 28 The Lolo Trail June 10 July 2, 1806 Summary and Analysis The party proceeds into the mountains and encounters snow so deep there is no forage for the horses and the trail cannot be located.After a brief discussion, they turn back. Several days later, they acquire Indian guides who lead them quickly and surely through the mountains. On the far side of the Bitterroot Mountains their confidence swells out of proportion to common gumption an d the party determines to split up and conduct separate investigations of alternative routes. In all, the army corps of Discovery will divide into five small groups and live up to a reckless and complicated series of investigatory travels. Various points of rendezvous are established and the plan is delivered to the men.Chapter 29 The Marias Exploration July 3 July 28, 1806 Summary and Analysis The text covers only Lewis expedition to locate the northern headwaters of the Marias River the intensity does not cover in detail the exploration conducted by any of the other groups, though their experiences are mentioned in passing. This chapter thus deals only with Meriwether Lewis and the few men that accompany him. In early July they set off to discover whether the headwaters of the Marias Riverand thus of the Missouri River drainage basinextend beyond 49 degrees north latitude.If they do, then the United States of America can lay legal claim to more territory due to the terms of th e Louisiana Purchase. The small group proceeds down the self-aggrandizing Blackfoot River as far as White Bear Island without major incident. They are happy to once again be on the plains where game is plentiful but they also once again find the mosquitoes nearly unbearable. They recover their cache Chapter 30 The Last Leg July 29 September 22, 1806 Summary and Analysis Lewis group proceeds by water to the junction of the Yellowstone River, the site of planned rendezvous with Clark.Clark has left a note and moved ahead. Lewis pursues through a land of abundant game and abundant mosquitoes, making excellent progress without incident until mid-August. At that time, Lewis and a nearsighted one-heartd private are hunting elk when Lewis is shot in the buttocks. He calls out for the private who does not reactLewis hobbles back to the canoes and rouses the alarm of an Indian attack. The men go on the disgustful but shortly return with the missing private and state no Indians are in the area.Later Lewis recovers another letter from Clark informing him that one of the littler expeditions, having completely failed in its mission, has rejoined with Clark. Lewis thus spends a terrible night too sore to be moved from the pirogue he passes the Chapter 31 reportage to the President September 23 December 31, 1806 Summary and Analysis In St. Louis, Lewis immediately writes a brief letter to Jefferson and also writes personal commendations for each of his men, noting with satisfaction that all members of the party have returned in good health.Lewis also once again appealed directly to Jefferson on Clarks behalf, noting the successful prosecution of the adventure was due equally to both men. The group then spends a month in St. Louis settling financial affairs and playing the role of heroes, enjoying fame and cosmos entertained. In early November the party proceeds to Louisville and then to Frankfort where it splits into various smaller groups that proceed to their variou s destinations. Clark goes to Fincastle, Virginia, to visit with friends, while Lewis continues on to Charlottesville with well-favoured White, the Indian chief.Late in December, after a lengthy trip of many exoteric appearances, Lewis arrives in Washington. No account of the initial meetings between Chapter 32 Washington January March 1807 Summary and Analysis In Washington Lewis once again lives with Jefferson and spends weeks and months preparing reports and revising his journal. The men of the expedition are all rewarded with substantial but not extravagant land warrants and payfor example, Lewis total amounts to some $7,262. Lewis and Clark both receive promotions, Lewis civilly as the Governor of the Louisiana filth and Clark within the military.The book notes that Lewis is singularly unprepared to act as territorial reserve Governor and the appointment is one of Thomas Jeffersons great mistakes. Clark soon departs for St. Louis but Lewis remains in Washington, ostensibly to see to the private topic of the journals of the expedition. Lewis, go about with competing publication of other expedition members journals, becomes uncharacteristically sarcastic about the relative merit of his subordinates journals. Meanwhile, Clark becomes engaged, and Jefferson begins to distribute seeds collected by Lewis to his eminent botanist friends.Much Chapter 33 Philadelphia April July 1807 Summary and Analysis In the spring of 1807, Lewis leaves Washington for Philadelphia where he arranges for the publication of the journals, promised in three volumes costing $31 for the set. Lewis contacts several acquaintances for assistance in preparing the various volumes of the journals. Lewis biological and botanical samples are catalogued and then delivered, with Jeffersons approval, to Charles Willson Peales Museum in independency Hall. Lewis, recently admitted as a member, also lectures at the American philosophic Society.He also commissions artists to render relevant p lates for inclusion in the journals, and Peale renders Lewis portrait, as does C. B. J. Fyvret de Saint-Mymin. Lewis hires mathematicians to switch his copious observations into corrected latitude and longitude measurements. Finally, Lewis and Clark purchase one other journal written by a sergeant on the voyage, presumably to promise its publication and subsequent competition. Strangely, amidst all this preparation for publication, Lewis overlooks the singleChapter 34 Virginia August 1806 March 1807 Summary and Analysis In late July, Lewis travels from Philadelphia to Washington and settles his return with the war department. He then tours through several cities and acquaints himself with several young women who fail to meet his expectations, and a few more who for unknown reasons do not find him suitable. For eight months, Lewis whereabouts are unknown and through that time he accomplishes little more than nothing. Although he receives letters and correspondence from Jefferson a nd his family, he does not reply.Ambrose speculates that depression, alcohol, and malaria may explain his lack of production. At any rate, he appears in St. Louis in late winter of 1808 and produces a complex report on the situation of the Louisiana Territory. The consideration of the relative merits of the report consumes most of the brief chapter. Lewis suggests excluding the British from Louisiana Territory, greatly increasing the military battlefront in the area, Chapter 35 St. Louis March December 1808 Summary and Analysis In 1808 St. Louis is a vibrant and multi-cultural city and the dominant western city in the United States of America.Ambrose describes the citys unique flavor and brief history in some detail. Tensions between the old Spanish and French established business families and the new American businessmen are tense. Lewis predecessor, General Wilkinson, had administered the territory with one eye on his own pocketbook and thus the political and economic situations are complicated and uncertain. Administering such a complex and vast territory would be a challenge for an accomplished and professional politicianit was simply beyond the ability of the young Lewis. Lewis arrives in St.Louis devoid of the melancholic depression that has apparently afflicted him for the past several months. He rents a house and engages in the social life of the city, imbibing hard and spending many hours in dissipation. He does attempt to manage the rabble Chapter 36 St. Louis January August 1809 Summary and Analysis Lewis continues to work as the governor of the territory, making some good decisions and many bad ones. He begins to take regular doses of opium and morphine, ostensibly to treat his malariasoon, however, he is strongly addicted and frequently addled.Moreover, he continues to routinely become drunk in the company of less-notable political hangers-on by todays standards, he would be considered an soaker. His personal finances are in complete disarray and his public expenditures are alarming. He arranges a merging of personal and public interests, which draws wide criticismhe helps to establish a fur trapping and trading company, grants the company a monopoly on trade, and funds the companys initial expedition with public funds. All this, he justifies by charging the company with the task of returning wide White to the Mandan villages.Although not hugely aberrant in concept for the day and place, the scale of the questionable Chapter 37 Last Voyage September 3 October 11, 1809 Summary and Analysis In early September, Lewis sets out for Washington. He brings along the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, a few personal belongings, and a huge dossier of receipts, notes, and requests for public expenditure. He hopes to arrange his documentation and present his case to the government so they will honor his many public debts. He travels initially by river but finds the heat and humidity intolerable.In addition he drinks heav ily, takes frequent snuff, many pills, and opium. His fashion is wild and outlandish and he then attempts suicide on two occasions. He is put ashore in charge of an army captain who places him under suicide watch. Lewis writes some garbled letters explaining his delay to distant officials. After about a week Lewis derangement lifts and he determines to proceed overland to Washington. For several days, Lewis and several attendants travel overland. Lewis mood is dark and Chapter 38 Aftermath Summary and AnalysisMany years after Lewis death, some researchers have proposed that he might have been murdered. Ambrose considers the evidence and dispenses entirely with the theory by noting that Clark and Jefferson both accepted Lewis suicide at face value. Lewis was malarial, depressed, and highly stressed. He was an alcoholic and a drug addict, an inveterate user of snuff, a habitual smoker, and frequently greatly over-medicated himself with curatives of the period, which often contained m ercury. Any one of these factors alone could have move him to suicide taken as a group they are a more than convincing rationale.Coupling all this with his widely reported erratic and despondent behavior, the argument against suicide appears insubstantial. Lewis dry land is bequeathed to his mother and liquidated by his half-brother. The signal tribulation of his latter years remained packed into trunkshis unpublished journals. Clark obtains the expedition journals and travels to Monticello to Big Whitee Big White was a Mandan chief. He agreed to accompany the expedition on its return voyage and visit President Jefferson in Washington. He, his family, and a party of soldiers were attacked and repelled by a group of Arikaras on their return trip. gt/p Cameahwait Cameahwait was a Shonshoni chief who aided the Lewis and Clark expedition. Cameahwaits people provided horses and Old Toby to guide the expedition through the Bitterroot Mountains. Cameahwait also turned out to be Sacagawe as brother. Toussaint Charbonneau Charbonneau was a French Canadian. At the time he met the Lewis and Clark company, he was liveness among the Hidatsas as an independent trader. Sacagawea was one of his wives. Lewis and Clark eagerly signed him on as an interpreter, thus gaining the service of Sacagawea. Lewis was disappointed with Charbonneau, however, calling him a man of no particular merit. Pierre Chouteau houteau, along with his half-brother Auguste, co-founded St. Undaunted Courage Summary Lewisa Early Life The first five chapters of Undaunted Courage detail Lewisa life before undertaking the expedition. Lewis was born to a distinguished Virginia plantation family in 1774. As a boy, Lewis spent several years life story in a atomic number 31 frontier colony. After his return from Georgia at the age of thirteen, he was given several years of formal education so that he would be prepared to manage the estate he had inherited from his father.However, he only spent a few years o n the Virginia plantation instead, he volunteered for the Virginia militia in 1794. He spent the next six years in the military, and his service required him to travel throughout much of the American frontier. However, in 1801, President Jeffersonaa longtime acquaintance of the Lewis familyaasked Lewis to serve as his personal secretary and aide. Captain Lewis quickly gave up his military commission and moved to the presidentas manse in Washington. Planning the Expedition Jefferson had long been interested in direct an expedition to explore the west.When Jefferson learned that the British were planning to engage in the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest, he was galvanized into action. In 1802, Jefferson chose Lewis to command an expedition to the Pacific. Lewis had three main goals find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean tell the Indians they had a new leader and bring them into the American trading network and explore the northern tributaries of the Mississippi and the Misso uri rivers, which would determine the northern extent of the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.Jefferson was also keenly interested in scientific inquiry. In preparation for the journey, Lewis studied geography, botany, mineralogy, astronomy, and ethnology with leading American scientists. He also made decisions on what and how many supplies to bring, what presents to give the Indians, and how many men to employ in the company. He oversaw the construction of a boat that would take the company up the Mississippi River. Lewis also decided he needed a co-commander, and he chose Clark, whom he had met in the military.Although Clarkas official rank was never promoted beyond that of lieutenant, which dismayed Lewis greatly, the two men shared command. While preparations were being made, the Louisiana Purchase was also completed, giving the United States monomania of much of the land over which the men would travel. Up the Missouri On August 31, 1803, Lewis set forth down the Ohio River. He met with Clark in Clarksville, Indian Territory, where they enlisted men in their Corps of Discovery. The party then sailed upriver to Wood River, where they set up winter camp.Clark oversaw the preparations for the trip while Lewis took charge of purchase supplies in St. Louis. On May 22, 1804, the Corps of Discovery, made up of almost fifty men, was finally on its way. It consisted of a large keelboat and two smaller boats. The boats traveled more than 640 miles upriver before encountering a single Indian. On August 2, a party of Oto arrived at the expeditionas camp. Lewis told them about Jefferson, their new Great Father, and gave them gifts. On August 20, the expedition suffered its only fatality when Sgt. Charles Floyd died of a ruptured appendix.In September, the Corps met a large party of Sioux and visited the Sioux village. In October, the group approached the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota. The friendly Mandans were at the center of Northern Plainsa trade. The men built Fort Mandan, where they spent the winter. They also met a French-Canadian trader, Charbonneau, and his wife, Sacagawea, who joined the Corps as translators. A small group of men sailed back down the Missouri to bring back information about the expedition thus far. Westward Bound On April 7, 1805, the expedition was ready to move west.Eight days later, the expedition passed the farthest point upstream on the Missouri known by Lewis to have been reached by white men. The men hunted buffalo and had their first grizzly bear sighting. In June, the party crossed the Missouri and detect that two large rivers met. They had to decide which river was the Missouri. They chose the south fork and followed the river to the Great Falls. At this point, the men had to carry their canoes overland. They had reached the foot of the Rocky Mountains and wanted to meet the Shoshoni. After several days, the men came crossways a Shoshoni party.Their leader was Cameahwait, who was Sacagaweaa s brother. They traded for horses with the Shoshoni and hired an Indian guide, Old Toby, to take them across the mountains. Once across the mountains, the men traveled down the Columbia toward the Pacific. They discovered that rapids and falls broke up the Columbia for almost a fifty-mile stretch. The men shot the rapids while the important supplies were carried by hand. They continued onward to the Pacific. The party built Fort Clatsop as their winter camp. By this time, the party had very little goods left to trade.When the Clatsops would not sell them a canoe that they needed, Lewis told his men to steal it. In March 1806, the men turned eastward on their way home. promontory Home The men headed east up the Columbia, which was hard going. They decided to go overland instead and purchased horses from the Nez PercA. Lewis also hoped to persuade them to send some guides and diplomats with them back east. The Nez PercA, however, said it was too early to cross the mountains, but the Corps was determined to do so. They headed out but soon discovered it was impossible to keep to the trail, which was hidden under feet of snow.They realized the difficulty of their undertaking but luckily came across two young Indians crossing the mountains and quickly engaged them as guides. Thus they reached the other side of the Continental Divide safely. Lewis and Clark parted company briefly in July. Lewis wanted to explore the northern river that had met the Missouri, the Maria. He hoped that it would extend far northward, giving the United States more land. He took a small party of men. After several days out, they got into a fight with some Blackfeet Indians and shot two. However, Lewis and his men escaped unharmed.They met up with Clark at the Point of Reunion in present-day North Dakota, and the entire party continued on to Fort Mandan. Then they headed down the Missouri. They met trading boats, which gave them the first news of the country they had heard since their depar ture. They arrived in St. Louis on September 22, 1806. Lewis immediately sat down to write a report to Jefferson telling him of their discoveries. After the Expedition Lewis went to Washington in January and after that on to Philadelphia. He made plans to publish his journals. Jefferson also appointed him the governor of the Louisiana Territory.Lewis, however, did little work, either on the journals or as the governor. He did not arrive in St. Louis until March 1808, at which point he was already experiencing bouts of depression and drinking heavily. In St. Louis, he attempted to set up a fur trade business with his friends and invested money in land speculation. He also spent money outfitting an expedition to return a Mandan chief to his homeland however, the government decided not to reimburse him for these expenses. Lewis undertook a journey to Washington but died, apparently a suicide, on October 11, 1809.