Leadership and Management in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Management in Nursing EssayNursing is a very demanding and dedicated profession and the current shortage is a serious problem at all levels of arrest and is the d stiletto heelth of loss leaders among nurses. Leadership and management atomic number 18 essential skills for all do healthcare professionals and have a pivotal role in ensuring a delivery of high standards of care. Developing future nurse leaders is one of the great challenges faced by the nursing profession, (Mahoney, 2001).The author is currently working as a midwife in one of the big hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi-Arabian Arabia. The reasonable deliveries per month are 500-600. There are 22 midwives in this unit and there are eight vacant posts for midwives . Due to the shortage of midwives, these professional supplys are subjected to personal and work link stress. Preston et, al. (1981) defined stress as an adaptive response, mediated by individual characteristics or psychological processes . The negative effects of stress could be evident in staff absenteeism, hostility, and aggression.This will impair the provision of quality care and the effective functioning of the organization. (Healy international ampere McKay, 1999). The adverse effect of work load and stress in the authors placement has lead to an alarming high staff turnover. Apparently, the increased workload has affected the staff performances and the quality of nursing care. When the staff feel that they are not cared for, then they find it difficult to care for patients ( Atwater amp Bass 1994, Lancaster 1999).In this assignment, the author will explore the heterogeneous leading styles and their theories and overly distinguish the functions between leadership and management. The author will also critically explore the tutors leadership practice in labor and delivery suite, thus creating a culture of reducing stress. The link of leadership style from the aspect of work, environment, communication, em powerment, delegation, implications, conclusion and recommendations will be discussed further.Leaders are not someone who holds pinch position but also able to give assistance to others, (Mahoney, 2001). Whereas in my placement, the head nurse, who is the leader, never gives a helping communicate during the deliveries. She anticipates the midwives to conduct and manage the deliveries, even though theres shortage of staff. The nurse manager has to prepare the correct number of staff on each shift with the credentials to do the job and essential be aware of the policies regarding overtime, floating from one unit to another.She must form a competent team and manage them to carry out the plan for reaching the goal of excellent patient care. Effective leaders are not merely someone who is skillful but they must acquire good attitudes, (Cook, 2001). The nurse manager must understand the factors surrounding the current occurrence in the unit and have the friendship of various approac hes to leadership that will help to understand and determine the best leadership approach to stimulate a positive work environment to bowdlerise stress.Leadership is defined as the ability to influence, inspire and motivate a group of people towards the achievement of its goal, (Yuki, 2002). Management is a process of getting things through with(p) effectively through planning and organization of services which is one of the basic function of management whereas the leader is an intermediary between work group and the top management, (Marquis and Huston, 2006). The manager uses a formal and rational method whilst the leader uses passions and stirs emotions.Without enabling and empowering nursing leadership, efforts to improve the quality and safety of healthcare will be limited and short-lived, as said by Kelly (2008). For a leader to achieve the goal, she must have the three essential things which are power, authority and influence to act in a way that will stimulate a positive respond from the staff (Tomey, 2009). Leaders will emerge when nurses feel valued and inspired to strive for excellence. They aim to improve patient care via a cohesive work force by focusing on interpersonal relationships between leaders and subordinates, (Malby 1997).A nursing leader should have a distinctive set of personal qualities, integrity, courage, initiative, ability to handle stress, think critically, able to resolve problems without fightings, skillful communication and must be empathetic. They are not those who control others but they act as visionaries who help staff to plan, lead, control and organize their activities, (Jooste,2004). There are many types of leadership. grand type of leaders are those who make all lasts and expect others to follow without questioning and never seek advice from others, (Sullivan amp Decker 2005).This situation had made some of the midwives to let for greener pastures. The current health system has advanced in technology and improved in care giving services (Cook, 2001). The author feels that this leadership style is no longer tenable and fits into the contemporary nursing practice and a consumer responsive culture. Democratic leaders encourage the participant of staff and use a consensus for decision making, (Sullivan amp Decker 2005) whereas bureaucratic leadership occurs when a leader rigidly adheres to rules, regulations and policies of the organization, (Jenkins and Henderson, 1984).Instead of providing sufficient support and consideration, my nurse manager demonstrates these leadership qualities because she uses rules and policies thus expecting strict form from the midwives. . By following the organizational hierarchys influence, she puts herself in a high position but never use her power constructively (Masquis amp Huston, 2006). Due to top management instructions, she adheres to the current policies, making no changes in them but gives verbal instruction and changing policies to her likes and dislikes .This swifts away trust and open communication theory between the manager and the midwives. Due to unvented stress and high expectations from the nurse manager, the midwives burnout level have been exacerbated . Burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment, as said by Maslach ampJackson (1981). Reports have proved that in this kind of environment, patients safety is at risk (Institute of Medicine, 2004). Participative leadership allows staff to participate in decision making and actively seek out the participation of those regard.This type of leadership allows staff to feel to a greater extent committed to the goals they were involved (Faugier amp Woolnough, 2002). The author feels that the head nurse should have these qualities so that the unit will run smoothly, and the staff will be appreciated and acknowledged so that good nursing care can be rendered. Transformational leadership is especially well suited for todays fast changing healthcare environment where adaptation is extremely all-important(a) (Welford,2002). It starts with the development of a vision that will excite and convert potential followers, (Outhwaite, 2003).To achieve organizational success, this style advocates for strong leadership qualities and these leaders use motivation in their approach than use rewards and punishment as said by Kouzes amp Posner (2002). In the authors rank of view, this leadership is proposed as empowering leadership style which well suits in my unit and to be recognized by the nurse manager. According to Bowles amp Bowels (2002), transformational leaders create a leadership culture for all team members nurturing empowerment, increase their autonomy and open communication for inclusive decision making.The nurse manager takes responsibilities for discussing care related matters with the midwives which makes them to be motivated and work more effectively to contribute to the development and provision of the u nit, (Murphy. 2005). The ability of the leader to articulate a shared vision is an important aspect of transformational leadership (Faugier amp Woolnough, 2002). Another leadership style is transactional leadership which focuses on providing day to day care between leaders and their employee.It aims to maintain equalizer and harmony by using incentives to enhance staff loyalty and performance (Bass and Riggio, 2006). Laissez faire leadership is another style that leaves the staff alone to work with no directions or facilitations and is a highly risky form of leadership, (Sullivan amp Decker 2005). Since the authors placement is labor and delivery, its not advisable to have this kind of leader in this unit as it will increase the mortality rate.The high level of burnout and increased workload due to shortage of midwives and less rest old age has resulted them to leave. This disequilibrium may trigger the risk of physical and mental health of these midwives. The manager has depleted the nurses basic psychological needs which are rest and sleep and at the same time reducing their self- esteem, as said in Maslows theory of human motivation. The leader should explore barriers and identify conflicts when they arise and collaborate with the team and be able to understand the employees perspective (Outhwaite,2003).A more effective form of leadership maybe situational leadership where the leader switches the style depending upon the situation at hand and upon the competence of the staff, (Faugier amp Woolnough, 2002). The nurse manager must be good clinician and have judgment skills to handle any problem that cannot be handled by the staff. By doing so, the staff will listen to her as she guides them. Communication also plays a vital role as this can prevent conflict and smoothes the progress of team building in the unit Calpin-Davies, (2000).A good communicator gives the staff detailed instructions to perform tasks that are necessary to reach the goal. The nurse mana ger uses a communication book to provide important information to all the staff in the unit, as supported by Sullivan amp Decker (2005). By reading and acknowledging with a signature, she assures the message has been reached effectively. As a leader, the nurse manager has to be a good listener. It provides the opportunity to receive valuable feedback that is used to forfend some problems and resolve others and also giving greater understanding of the issues being discussed.When there are incidences in the unit, the nurse manager gives a listening ear to the staff and tries to solve the problems. She puts aside preconceived ideas or prejudices when listening to staff. Being a leader, the nurse manager delegates some of the tasks to the staff to focus on more complex aspects of running the unit. She delegates the right task to the right person, for example sending and collecting of narcotics by the midwife as these drugs used are cautioned in Saudi Arabia.A good leader fosters a conge nial work environment by coaching, praising and training the staff to perform an excellent job and also by conducting continuous nursing education. Supervision goes in the observation of staff and to evaluate in the yearly performance appraisal. The author would recommend that the nurse manager in this unit has to change her leadership style to She should resources for proper quality care Conclusion Today, healthcare environment requires leaders to be skillful and well-read and have strong inspirational leadership qualities across the health care organization. In this millennium, nursing must make a dedicated effort to confirm its young nurses to grow into effective and motivating leaders.

Literature Review on Pricing Strategies and Theories

literature Review on set Strategies and TheoriesAbstractThis purpose of this research is to study how the institution decides the bell for the products. As set is considered has a very high rude(a) factor of an organisation. In this study we ar going to see the role of Pricing, different methods of set and effects of equipment casualty on organisation and consumer behaviour. The pricing is explained with literature review fol diminisheded by critical evaluation and obliterates with solution with valid recomm abateation.IntroductionCustomers and determination of expenditure is necessary for every organization. As this both nodes and harm have a high relation to the demand for products. Even there is a small increase in impairment levels it will highly prompt the demand for the product and the organization profit. The price determines what products/services could be produced and in what quantities. Secondly it determines how to produce and finally whom to produce.There organization should be cautious while altering the price for the goods and services by changing the quantity, quality and by providing premiums or discounts, accept suitable form. When there is raise in demand for service will led to increase in prices, which in terms led to concern of macrocosm or governmental activity.There ar different ways in which the price of the products is determined. These are the foremost strategies that business use like Competition based pricing, Cost-plus pricing, Creaming or skimming, sterilise pricing, firing leader, Market-oriented pricing, Penetration pricing, monetary value discrimination, Premium pricing, Predatory pricing, Contri scarcelyion margin-based pricing, psychological pricing, Dynamic pricing, Price leadership, Target pricing, Absorption pricing and Marginal- approach pricing. As their name it explains the method of pricing.MethodsPricing was considered has a process towards achievement and to face the competitors of business. So th at organisation thinks effects of pricing should be the targeted on returns. What method of pricing to be adopted. Whether adopted pricing would attract the customer and maximize the profit of business. Determination of price requires the organisation fully foc utilize on the markets.These strategies should be considered while determining the price for the product.Aims ObjectivesThe rank of this research is to investigate whether CRM supports the Marketing Strategies of an Organization.To conduct the literature review on Pricing StrategiesTo evaluate the methods of pricing theoriesTo analyse the effects of pricing on returns.Literature ReviewCustomers are important for every organization. Numerous researches had been conducted for determining the method of pricing, which is explained in Literature review, has normally segregated in two variations. First division will explain about a pervasive context about the, pricing and methods of pricing. The second part of this assessment d eals with the previous related studies. Price is a highly sensitive factor of an organization. The standard economic analysis of pricing is based on the customers desire for the product its usually depends up on the income of the customer and other factors like ethnic origin. There are some consumers may pay high prices, while others willing to pay only lower prices. quite of charging same price to all, the organization decided to charge different price for different customers as it will increase the business profit. This method of pricing is know as price differentiation. In earlier days sellers of perishable goods would sell the old products at low price instead of dumping or winning back home. If the price of competitor product was reduced it is necessary to reduce the price of the product, as it could create loss of customer and market. The pricing based on the competitors is competitive based pricing. The simplest method of pricing is cost-plus pricing. It just calculates cost of producing the product and adds on a percentage of profit to that price. Sacrificing high gross sales for gaining higher(prenominal) profit. Low volumes at high price. This is suitable for products that have short life cycles. It skims the profit from the market. It is known as market skimming. A monopolist set limit price to discourage others entry in to the market. Limit pricing is illegal in many countries. Loss Leader pricing scheme was illegal infra EU and US. They sell the product below the cost, so the loss appears as public interest. It is similar to predatory pricing. Some business set their prices based on the analysis and compiled from the targeted market. This is known as Market-Oriented pricing. The organization set different price for the same product In the different segments to the market. This method is called Price discrimination Psychological pricing strategy the price is designed on the positive psychological impact on customers. For example, price of the product at 3.95 or 3.99, rather than 4. Price leadership is an observation that usually one company would be the dominant competitor among several other companies. They will follow that soon. Target pricing strategy is measured to produce a particular rate of return on investment for a specific volume of production. It is often used by public utilities and companies with high capital investment. These methods of pricing all the cost incurred are recovered. This is a form of cost-plus pricing. The practice of setting the price of a product to competent the extra cost of producing and an extra unit of output is marginal-cost pricing. The impact of price springyity should be considered while deciding the price. The degree of price elasticity focuses on the proportionate changes. The percent of change in price would be something slight than the fall in sales is inelastic price. In case of price elastic the percent of change in quantity demanded greater than change in price. Sl ow inflation rates from other countries economies have led to the need for natural approaches of pricing strategies. Five factors to be considered on determining the price are Demand, cost, competitive factors, corporate profit and market objectives and regulatory constraints.Previous Related interpret-Combivir and Trizivir case studySome of the more than dominant groups with observe to pricing in the HIV market are patient advocacy groups. Distinct patients on other condition, save probably cancer, HIV/AIDS patients are predominantly mobilized and oral when it arrives to treatment. This had guided to the growth of a widespread expanded admittance programs for products in development, and then patient assistance programs for new, costly products. Companies are well aware of the realizes of maintaining a positive human relationship with the patient base.Combivir was launched essentially the same price as the some of the components. This not only replicates GSKs desire to make ne w treatments accessible to patients at a reasonable price, but also that mixture therapy was flattering more widespread and that physicians did not need a discounted price to justify recommendation. However, clearly single-agent therapy is still commonly used, as lamivudine unit sales (not including combinations) continue to be greater than Combivir unit sales. Only around the end of 2002 do lamivudine unit sales begin to decrease. Trizivir was also priced similarly at the some of its components prices, indicating the companys aim to keep it available to treatment for immature patients. GSK held Combivirs price the same in most markets when Trizivir was launched. The intension was not to have Trizivir cannibalize Combivir patients. Combivir still had a low price relative to Trizivir which would continue to make it attractive to many physicians.Sales of Trizivir quickly slowed as a result of clinical results showing that the three drugs used in the fixed-dose combination were not as effective as other three product combinations. Combivir has not had similar clinical setbacks and has continued to enjoy strong, but flat, sales.( Combivir and Trizivir case studies)In this case study Combivirz has adopted the market oriented pricing method and penetration pricing hence it can be able to survive in the market after the tough competition with Trirzivir. Determination of price is considered as important to survive in the market and to gain consumer interest.Borden follow vs. Federal Trade CommissionIn 1958 the FTC issued a complaint against Borden Company for selling the same products to different customers at a different price and ceased price discrimination on goods.Tom Nagle, Reed Holden, Kent Monroe, Eric Mitchell had trail the price leadership and companies adjacent these ideas but when it is strained with the scientific methods invented like hypothesis does not add the expected results.Michael V.Marn, Eric V. Roegner and Craig C.Zawada has analyzed about price wars in the book The Price Advantage explains how to react for the change in price of competitors. They said that make the customers cerebrate on the benefits, do not over spend on advertising, gaining the market share rapidly from one or two competitors. Rapid changes in the market almost set the price war. Do not react until you understand the reason for price cut of competitor. If you dont understand the well delay your response until you understands the facts. Do not react with lower price as it affects the organization. They suggest when there is need in change of price it is necessary to analyze the consequences as it could affect the market and over all organization.Thomas Nagle and Reed Holden outline 9 laws or factors that affect buyers price compassion with respect to a given get in the book The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing.o Reference Price EffectBuyers price sensitivity for a given product rises the elevated products price relative to apparent alternatives. Pe rceived alternatives can vary by buyer segment, by occasion, and other factors.o Difficult Comparison EffectCustomers are less sensitive to the price of a known / more reliable product so they would have complexity of comparing it to possible alternatives.o Switching be EffectThe higher product-specific on investment a buyer must make to switch suppliers, the less price responsive that buyer is when decide between substitutes.o Price-Quality Effectcustomers are less sensitive to price they think higher prices seems higher quality. Products for which this result is particularly relevant.o Expenditure EffectBuyers are more prices sensitive as soon as the expense accounts for a large percentage of buyers obtainable income or budget.o End-Benefit EffectThe effect refers to the relationship a given purchase has to a larger overall benefit, and is separated into two parts Derived demand The more responsive buyers are to the price of the end benefit, the more responsive they could be to t he prices of those products that contribute to that benefit. Price proportion cost The price amount of cost refers to the percent of the total cost of the end benefit accounted for by a given element that helps to produce the end benefit (e.g., think CPU and PCs). The lesser the given components portion of the total cost of the end benefit, the less sensitive buyers will be to the components price.o Shared-cost EffectThe smaller the portion of the purchase price buyers must pay for themselves, the less price sensitive they will be.o Fairness EffectBuyers are more sensitive to the price of a product when the price is outside the range they perceive as fair or reasonable given the purchase context.o The Framing EffectBuyers are more price sensitive when they perceive the price as a loss rather than a forgone gain, and they have greater price sensitivity when the price is paid separately rather than as part of a bundle.Critical EvaluationThe research conducted on the supermarkets the C ost effects all the other coefficients are important and reliable with well-mannered approximate reproduction, representative to impart extra services produce extra costs bear by the supermarket chains. The approximate limitation for the long-term charge components designate that 0.15% and 0.21% (respectively) of the extra long-run cost for effective food and non-food services is owed to milk sales, while the amount of the additional cost of operating a store that is 1,000 square feet /larger owed to milk sales is 0.13%. Also, although the additional long-run cost module does not collision the short-run marginal cost, at the model averages, for each gallon of milk sold the long-run marginal cost of services is approximate equal to $0.0216 for the in-store services model and $0.0158 for the store-size model. Overall, the results confirm Ellicksons (2006) finding that retailers provide Quality with an augment in fixed costs, following Shaked and Suttons (1987) endogenous cost model. ( Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management)The estimated marginal collision of retail services on milk prices (at the sample averages). Affects milk prices positively, in effort with preceding answer (Cotterill 1999 Bonanno and Lopez 2004). spotlight on the in-store services model results first, food services show a marginal price-increasing effect roughly one-third that of non-food services. while the consequence of non-food services on milk prices is mainly due to marginal cost changes, the effect of food services is mainly due to market power. It should be noted that there are considerable economies of scope produce by increases in food services.( Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management)A limitation of the analysis offered in this article includes dependence on strong supposition based on the nature of supermarket competition. Prospect research might expand the analysis by comforting the short-run monopoly postulation to unscramble the communications between strategic pricin g and service provision.Another noticeable limitation is the use of burly practicable forms used for the demand and cost functions. The use of more elastic functional forms, although hard to apply with the available entropy. ( Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management)First, the study was extra to one service setting and one customer segment. Additionally study transversely other services that apply revenue management and other customer segments is unavoidable to institute the simplify aptitude of our conclusion. Secondly, the data used in the revise were obtained from an existing survey database. Research using review instruments specially think for a field study should also be carry out to determine the robustness of the results. Finally, the study did not, nor was it planned to detain all of the qualifications of revisit meaning. In particular, there may be extra factors power the relationship between price and customers return intentions. An attractive research area to beli eve is role of customer discernment of value in the price-return intentions relationship. The effect of affective commitment on the price-return intentions relationship also merits examination. (Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management Vol. 7, 4 357-369)the steps needed to appropriately implement the strategies breaking down pricing decisions by region or by customer segment constructing result on rigid data filter during complex software basing optimal prices on inventory positions, offering manufacture capacity, demand predictions and aggressive market conditions and creating sense and respond mechanisms that allow them to test often and react fast.ConclusionThe pricing strategy is considered as the success factors for the organization. Now we know the consequences of pricing decision are likely to have on customers purchasing behavioursand on financial performance, regionally or globally, short term and long term. They could plan more assertively for the potential on more calcul ated risks and creation of fewer guesses.Finally, effective pricing is the most excellent way to make the major difference in earnings while conserving unit sales and market share. It is, in effect, the last major step on the path to high performance.References The price is right . . . isnt it? Greg Cudahy and George L. Coleman Competition effects of supermarket services Alessandro Bonnanno and Rigoberto A.Lopez The effect of price on return intentionsDo satisfaction and reward programme membership matter? Breffni M. Noonen and Daniel J. Mount 2008 Palgrave Macmillan, 1476-6930 Vol. 7, 4 357-369 Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management The price advantage By Michael V. Marn, Eric V. Roegner, Craig C. Zawada Pricing on purpose creating and capturing value By Ronald J. Baker

Stance Against Animal Testing

Stance Against Animal TestingEach year, more than(prenominal) than 100 million animals are killed in U.S. laboratories (Experiments on animals Overview). One hundred million per year is an kindle amount considering how little progress is made from animal examen. There is no justifiable reason for making living beings suffer when the biological makeup of animals and forgivings is so different and there is a plethora of alternatives.Defenseless animals are put in an overwhelming amount of offend being tested on for mankinds own selfish benefit which is unethical and immoral. They are subjected to the torture of constantly being poked and prodded with needles, forced to take up/inhale, their skin being burned off, holes drilled into their skull, being isolated and confined to a cage, along with many other traumatic experiences until their death, in addition to having to mitt with the after effects of the procedures being inflicted upon them all for experiments that do non ensur e the results will be similar to those of humans. 78,294 animals subjected to severe pain near, at, or above the pain tolerance threshold of unanesthetized conscious animals according to the statistics of Canada in 2013. This is an astonishing amount of animals forced to go through agonizing pain for the sake of human question in just wholeness year. Reports conclude that even the minimal standards set forth by the AWA are not being met by these facilities This shows that these animals are not even being provided the least bit of comfort or care during these experiments. These animals are being tortured and treated inhumanely for the examen of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical inquiry when the information being collected is not completely accurate and there are many other alternatives (Experiments on Animals Overview Peta).Since animals and humans are so different, testing on animals does not correctly show how a drug or chemical will react on a human. Animals and humans organ s, nervous systems, cellular makeup, and physical bodies are not similar enough to be considering an animals reaction to something anywhere near the same as a humans might be. charge if a new chemical entity is deemed safe at animal stage, it completely has an 8 percent chance of being approved for human usage (Ericson) A mere eight percent is not worth taking an animals life over. Currently, nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will be suffer in people based on laboratory and animal studies (Experiments on Animals Overview). This is only one out of ten experimental drugs being successful based on animal studies. Millions of animals are being made to suffer and die for barely any progress.There are galvanic pile of new advances in science and technology that provide ways of testing that do not include bringing any harm to animals and give more accurate information. One of these alternatives is called the chemos ynthetic colorful. A veteran chemist, Mukund Chorghade, came up with the idea to start with liver cells and created a chemical compound that is the chemosynthetic liver. The chemosynthetic liver has the ability to run a drug through it and tell the exact results of how it would work going through a living human being, making it easier and faster to catch anything wrong. In one sample trial, the chemosynthetic liver caught a particularly nasty metabolite that would have set the developer back millions of dollars and countless hours of research. It did so by providing a level of specificity that would otherwise have required about 1,000 rats and 100 dogs This confirms the staggering difference between using the chemosynthetic liver versus testing on an animal. The method saves not only time and money, tho animal lives as well. Though still in its early phase, the method has already proven viable in 50 similar sample studies. This verifies that the chemosynthetic liver has proven to be a reliable way of testing so far, and is worth further developing.In addition to the chemosynthetic liver another way of testing that is becoming more common is figurer modeling. Many researchers now have access to advanced computer software capable of mimicking and replicating many of the functions of the human body. These programs accommodate researchers to study the effects of any changes to the human body without testing these changes on animals By using computer models that can predict human body reactions more precise data is being gathered while sparing animal lives. There is also stem cells, which are cells that can develop into any human tissue or structure. By using stem cells, researchers can create specialized organ tissues to study diseases and other abnormalities without involving any living beings (Alternatives to Animal Testing) nucleotide cells have the advantage of actually being made into human tissue which is significantly more accurate than testing on an an imal while not causing any harm. This just further proves that there is no need to test on animals with the advanced technology we have today.Since animal testing proves to only have an 8 percent chance of being deemed safe for human usage (Ericson), causes animals excruciating pain and there are alternatives such as the chemosynthetic liver, computer modeling, and stem cells available, animal testing is not needed in this day and age. In conclusion, animal testing is cruel and unnecessary.Works CitedAlternatives to Animal Testing. Research in Context, Gale, 2016. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CYODOBR772899801it=rasid=eee040ce3e96ced50100e71b505e0887. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Animal Experimentation. Gale scholar Resources in Context, Gale, 2016. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CLPQUWH681386081it=rasid=6208c5056307c4d43ea2338d2acc392c. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Animal Testing. Gale Student Resourc es in Context, Gale, 2015. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CVWTFPN342363283it=rasid=3563c04c5e6bec653161845916a9d290. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.Ericson, John. Breakthroughs Might Mean the End of Animal Testing. Newsweek, 28 Mar. 2014, p. 1. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA362262525it=rasid=382274e7e9beddd55d2ce864c779052e. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Experiments on Animals Overview. PETA, PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/.

Animation in TV Commercials

brio in TV CommercialsThe effectiveness of vital force in TV commercial messageizedsBryant May were the first British order to habituate support for advert purposes. In 1899 animator Arthur Melbourne-Cooper was hired to produce a stop-motion short in which matchstick men move along a ladder and key an solicitation on a wall. This appeal read For one guinea Messrs Bryant May will forward a case containing sufficient to supply a box of matches to each gay in a battalion with the name of the sender inside.(www.bfi.co.uk) It is easy to be cynically uninterested of what is obviously a clever, if passing crude, ad campaign disguised as a patriotic act of charity during the Boer war. However it is non as easy to be as dismissive of the extent to which animation has been adopted from these humble beginnings as a prevailing force within modern advertising strategy.The 22nd September 1955 gave birth to commercial television broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Right from the ver botenset advertisers where quick to seize upon the opportunity and advertising possibilities that animation put in front of them. During these advance(prenominal) years up to a third of television advertising was active such as the Murray Mints, the too-good-to-hurry mints, or Snap, Crackle an Pop, for Kelloggs Rice Krispies which twain launching in 1955. The Kellogg ads brought to life hand drawn characters that had been used on the packaging of cereal boxes since 1928 and the campaign still runs to this day. The Murray Mints commercial, which featured soldiers in bearskin hats march in time to a jingle, won best ad of the year in the inaugural year of British television advertising. (Robinson, 2000, p35) J Walter Thompson who had handled the Guinness account since 1929 set roughly bringing to life through the process of animation, the extremely popular Gilroy posters that had constrain an institution and started a Guinness culture.If advertisers were crisp to use animators i n their campaigns then animators where certainly keen to encourage receive the work. The two industries attained a symbiosis which was characte trick upd by the overnight emergence of a whole new market in the advertising industry meant that there were a lot of new opportunities for young animators to set up new companies with the minimum of capital and experiment with new techniques. Companies such as biographic which was set up by Bob Godfrey who produced ads for various companies such as Shipams fish paste and Nestle. (Threadgould, 2005)The use of animation in commercials certainly be popular with advertisers, and with home witnessers but it was the Homepride flour men who proved that it could in addition be an effective tool. The Homepride flour men ad debut in 1965. The ad featured two men in black business suits and bowler hats standing in betwixt two packets of flour. A sieve is put over the head of one of the men and flour poured into it. The processes is repeated with Homepride flour which sieves much quicker as it is graded and the second man is instantly cover in flour turning his black suit white. The reason is explained by the man in the hat voiced by Dads Army star washbowl Le Mesurier and his words produced the slogan GRADED GRAINS MAKE FINER FLOURS.The campaign succeeded in making Homepride a market leader within four months. These characters became so popular that a leader (Fred) was named by the advertising brains to give a name to the uniform faces. Merchandise such as aprons, peppermills, fridge magnets and various different kitchenalias were produced as collectors items. Freds image spurned a whole range of sub products for the company and it is still used to sell a variety of Homepride products today. To nutrition up with changing times made retain a sense of tradition various comedians such as Richard Briers and Paul Merton engage voiced Fred, he is today voiced by Nick Frost from Spaced.Homepride have managed to infuse their b rand identity with that of Fred, their iconic mascot. They have used his effigy on another(prenominal) products such as sauces and kitchen utensils to place the home pride brand firmly into peoples kitchens. However the runa management success of a particular ad campaign does not guarantee an increase of sales of the product it is supposed to heighten.Creature Comforts began life as a short film. It was an incredibly sweet short due to the inter fulfil between fantasy and reality with which it foundered the knockout. In his book fellow feeling Animation Paul Wells describes the relationship between the diegetic taradiddle and the characters surroundings as fabrication and suggest that it is a tarradiddle strategy. This is to say that fabrication essentially plays out an alternative version of material existence, recalling narrative out of constructed objects and environments, natural forms and substances, and the make upn for granted constituent elements of the everyday worl d.(Wells, 1998 p90) This means that there is a relationship between the abstract expression of character through the type and the constituent elements of the everyday world, which lends itself more towards mimesis. Despite the fact that animation is an abstract form of expression, these ads have a documentary feel that lends a voice of allowance to their cl objectives.Nick Parks Creature Comforts and the electricity adverts that followed it present a world in which highly stylised models of animals atomic number 18 animated with the voices of members of the British reality. The opinions and the voices of the public and then perfectly matched to appropriate animals. The most memorable example creation Frank the jogging tortoise. Frank chats to a locked off camera about how beautiful it is to come back from a ten mile run into a warm flat, and how it is important that the boiler is easily turn off and onable. The world being presented to the consumer is instantly recognisable fra nk is discussing the simple pleasures of modern life. He is an everyman despite the fact that he is a talking animal.The affinity between model animation and the physical world in which it is filmed means that it is to a certain extent confined by the physical laws of our world in order to detain recognizable and believable. Of course these laws can argon being flouted, model characters can talk and discuss everyday matters analogous members of the general public, but the relationship between the animated models and the world they inhabit means that when physical law is flouted a sense of the uncanny or the fantastic is achieved.This is why the shorts or so engaging but it is also why they failed as ads. Despite the fact that the campaign reached number 4 in a 2000 poll of The 100 sterling(prenominal) TV ads, the common misconception is that the ads were selling gas. As Nick Park himself explains it, People still refer to them as the gas adverts. (Robinson, 2000, p124) Although t he ads were highly memorable they failed to link the commercial and the product.Successful animalised advertising campaigns are based entirely on the same principles as successful live action campaigns. Advertisings central ex run for is to create desires that did not previously exist. (Dyer, 1982 p6) A miss-judged campaign such as the creature comforts campaign may not be deemed successful if it does not stimulate within the consumer a desire to consume a given product. Where as the Kellogg animated mascots for frosties, rice krispies and coco-pops have succeeded in becoming intrinsically infused with the products that they are selling.One of the main advantages of using animation in advertising is the ability of animators to create environments and worlds that could not be accessed or reproduced by a live action camera crew. These artificial environments can be used to stimulate imaging and desire, to create a fantastical world of possibility, which can then be accomplished by the purchase of a given product. Coco-pops are advertised by a variety of jungle characters that inhabit a fantastical world of imagination and fun that is extremely appealing to young children.Also when advertising medical products such as toothpaste, animated medical presentations can be employed. These usually take the form of a split screen with the advertised product on one side of the screen and a leading competitor on the other. The animation will then demonstrate just how the product works and is more effective than a rival brand.Another appeal of animation to the ad man is the classlessness of the form. (Threadgould, 2005) characters such as the Homeprides Fred and the Fairy liquid baby are free from the class constraints of traditional British society. They bridge the class gap and appeal to proletariat and privileged alike.Animation can also be a relatively inexpensive process. Pioneers such as Peter Sachs of Larkin studios and Bob Godfrey of biographic, found quicker che aper animation methods than the traditional fluid aesthetic style of Disney. They employed jagged and rough stylings that borrowed from German expressionism. The theory being, to use limited animation to maximum effect. (Threadgould, 2005) By emphasising certain details advertisers can allude to certain qualities that can be associated with the product. For example the Michelin Mans rounded tyre body alludes to the strength and intensity level of the tyres but also their malleability.The problem facing animating advertisers is a problem, which faces animators in general. The immediately obvious thing about animation is that it is an overtly fake diegetic form that is unlike live action, which is often concerned with replicating the real world to achieve mimesis the artificial process of creating narrative form is emphasized by the fact that the viewer is witnessing inanimate drawings brought to life through motion. The difficulty here is that advertising is the process of creating desire within the consumer it suggests that there is a more desirable reality visible(prenominal) to its audience through the consumption of a product. Successful animated adverts must therefore reconcile the fact that they are presenting to the consumer a fiction by alluding to an central truth.This is not necessarily problematic Aesops fables were moral tales that spoke of ethical truths through anthropomorphic parable. Stories like the lion and the mouse or the wolf in sheeps clothing took well-known anthropomorphic traits of certain animals and moulded them into cautionary tales about how one should live their life. In the same way animation selects certain details to present to the viewer to create abstract meaning that a consumer can readily identify with.The concept of the Jolly Green Giant for example is ludicrous none of sound mind would actually believe that a giant green man lives in cornfields overseeing the quality of the corn. However symbolically he is representativ e of the qualities that the company wish to associate with there corn. He is a symbol of strength and power that come from nature. The corn he promotes is wellnessy strong and wholesome and this health can be acquired by those who consume it. He is jolly and friendly, a gentle giant who cultivates top quality product with a deft touch. We is also bright green the colour of nature, a symbol of health and vitality, the essence of life itself. Through these associations meaning is abstracted rather than dictated. It is the art of gentle view as opposed to the hard sell.Many people have preconceived ideas about animation as a whimsical mediocre suitable still for humour and childrens entertainment however there are many examples of animation as serious political statement. Halas and Batchelor produced Animal Farm in 1954 as an adaptation of George Orwells novel. Scholars have often studied it as an allegory about the rise of Stalinism and the threat of communism, but it is no know th at American backer Louis DeReochemount was a front man for the American CIA and the film was purposely used as anti Russian propaganda. Like any other medium with an understanding of its aesthetic qualities can be used seriously and to devastating effect.A recent charity advertisement on behalf on the NSPCC depicted an animated child being sadistically and habitually beaten by his fatty tissueher. The ad showed the child being burnt with cigarettes, thrown down stairs and chocked. Humorous sound set up and cartoon clichs along the same style of Tom and Jerry where used. This was a visual and aural aesthetic that the viewers were used to associating with harmless and enjoyable childrens cartoons. However the tension in play between the diegetic aesthetic of the animated child and the mimetic aesthetic of the father and the background environment served to unease, and unsettle to the promontory of disturbing the viewer. The viewer was left to imagine the results of such violence on a real child and the commercials effectiveness at high spot the concerns of the NSPCC was undeniable.So why has animation become an effective tool in animation? The answer to this question lies within the concept of brand and brand identity. If the aim of the advertiser is to communicate the identity of a given brand as quickly and as succinctly as possible, then animation is an ideal medium.In his book Ad worlds Brand, media, and audiences. Greg Myers defines branding as the attachment of meanings to a labelled product. (Myers, 1998, p33) That is to say that semiotic associations are associated with a given brand through the way it is produced, placed, promoted and priced. For example Guinness is a uniquely produced stout that is ubiquitously placed in almost every pub of the nation. It has a history of promoting itself through humour as a traditional drink to unwind and relax with and it is priced at a slight premium to give it a hint of exclusivity.Wally Olins suggests that a m odern world that has become saturated with advertising, branding has become an essential tool in order for the consumer to quickly decipher to advertisers message before they are distracted by a competitor. In the words of Olins Why are brands such a clear and unique manifestation of our time? Simply because in a world that is bewildering in terms of competitive clamour, in which rational choice has become almost extinct, brands represent clarity, reassurance, consistency, status, membership b everything that enables human beings to define themselves. Brands represent identify. (Olins, 2003, p27)Getting consumers to interpret with a brand identity, and to desire to become a part of that identity can be extenuated through the use of a brand character. From Tony the Tiger to Joe Camel and the re-imagination of the milklike bar kid to animated form, drawn and animated characters have been used to sell everything from childrens toys to cigarettes. These characters become intrinsically linked to the qualities of the product that they are selling. So what is it about the process of creating an animated character that is so effective in advertising?In his book Understanding Animation Paul Wells sums up the basic principles of characterization as a narrative strategy in animation as the character may be understood through its enclothe or construction, its ability to gesture or move and the associative aspects of its design. (Wells, 1998, p105)Regardless of if an animated character is an animal or human, animators rarely try to solely reproduce natural form. As such the problem is that they are presenting viewers with unnatural looking beings. If the viewer is to accept the characters shown before them, the characters themselves must be presented as believable. This is why animators rely on exaggeration of individual features to suggest certain character types. Halas and Manvell describe this in their book the technique of film Animation. Characterization is achiev ed by the distortion of shapes and forms big eyes, big mouth, big nose, large head small body etc. (Halas and Manvell, 1968, p65) What the animators are stressing are the gesturing parts of the body, particularly the features of the head. The eyes, nose, mouth and ears are all vital in creating the illusion of human emotion. Anthropomorphic qualities in animals such as the strength of Tony the Tiger can be used promote a product as healthy or enabling strength.There is a general rule of thumb with regards to which shapes go with what characters kind gentle characters tend to have soft rounded faces with wide smiles and large rounded eyes. The Pillsbury Dough Boy is a great(p) example of this principle. He is the embodiment of the jolly fat man. Generalizations such as this one serve as visual written for the viewer they optimise the impact of the character through economy and allow the viewer to make semiotic connections and process narrative information about the characters more quickly. In the words of Wells, animation manages to compress a high degree of narrative information into a limited period of time through a process of condensation.(Wells, 1998, p76)This method of economy and condensation in animation characterisation was innate(p) out of functionality as much as anything. Partially it was due to the fact that advertisements are extremely short. As such narrative information has to be delivered with great speed. In the medium of the television commercial, advertisers have anywhere between ten and thirty seconds in order to convey their message. As such the visual shorthand that animation design employs is perfect for the fast and accurate communication of the advertisers message. With television being the dominant domain of the animated short, characters have to be easily recognizable on a small screen. Its much easier to do this by recognizing one or two strong individual characteristics than several small ones. some importantly however the simp ler that a character is to draw, the quicker they become to reproduce.They rely on caricature and stereotype to relay narrative information quickly and succinctly.The Homepride flour men discussed earlier in this essay are a great example of how an understanding of characterisation in animation can give rise to a successful marketing campaign. They had a simple uniform design that was all at once, striking, memorable, unique and simple. The business suits and bowler hats stood for a business like British attitude, that at the same time was overly extravagant for selling flour and as such was self mocking. The characters were taken to the heart of the nation. With the effigy of Fred on all sorts of kitchen utensils his rightful place became the kitchens of British homesteads, and as such so did the Homepride brand.The twin process of animated character development and product branding both strive towards condensing as much narrative information into the least amount of detail possibl e and the shortest amount of time available. Animation is an intrinsically grotesque medium. The human mind goes through a thought process of abstracting meaning from an animated diegetic aesthetic. It inspires thought in the way that advertisers wish to inspire thoughts of desire. It can be a pleasing experience in the example of Homeprides Fred commercials, or it can be disturbing in such a way that the NSPCC have employed, either way the reaction provoked is one of individual thought and identification which in turn promotes the consumer to consume.BibliographyBordwell and Thompson. (2001) Film Art An Introduction, New York McGraw Hill.Canemaker, J. (ed.) (1988) Storytelling in Animation The Art of the Animated Image Vol. 2, Los Angeles AFI.Dyer, Gillian. Advertising as Communication. London, Routledge, 1982.Griffin, H. (2001) The Animators guide to 2D Computer Animation, Oxford Focal Press,Halas, J and Manvell, R. (1968) The Technique of Film Animation, Norwich Focal press Limi ted.Kline, S. (1993) break Of The Garden Toys, TV and Childrens Culture in the age of Marketing, London Verso.Myers, Greg. Ad Worlds Brands, Media, Audiences, Arnold, 1998.Ollins, Wally. On Brand, Thames Hudson, London, 2003.Robinson, M. (2000) 100 Greatest TV Ads, London Harper Collins.Wells, P. (1998) Understanding Animation, New York Routledge.Williams, R. (2001) The Animators Survival Kit, New York Faber and Faber.Websites(All accessed 27/11/05)www.bcdb.comwww.bfi.co.ukhttp//business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9071-1560670,00.htmlwww.kellogs.comFilmographyAnimation Nation The art of persuasion (Dir Merryn Threadgould, 2005, UK)Four Mations Electric Passions (Dir Paul Madden, 1996, UK)100 Greates TV Ads (Dir Mark Robinson, 2000, UK)

Problems With Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essay

In standardised examen and Its Victims, an article written for Education Week, Alfie Kohn statesStandardized testing has swelled and mutated, like a creature in one of those old horror movies, to the point that it now threatens to swallow our schools whole.... Our children are tested to an outcome that is unprecedented in our history and unparalleled anywhere else in the world. While previous generations of American students have had to sit through tests, never have the tests been presumption so frequently, and never have they played such a prominent role in schooling. (1)Kohn accurately describes one of the main flaws in Americas education system standardized testing. According to the article No Child left field Behind, legislation passed in 2002 requires schools to submit hemorrhoid to the state every course of instruction for evaluation (1). Originally intended to be used for improvement, the scores of these annual assessments are overused and have become the sole representat ion of a schools success. It is nearly impossible to create an advanced future by reforming schools based on an unreliable assessment tool. Standardized testing is an inaccurate measurement of a students abilities because it ignores other forms of aptitude, discriminates against certain students, and negatively affects education methods.Standardized testing piles an immense amount of pressure onto all parties involved. A floor compiled by Joan L. Herman and Shari Golan entitled Effects of Standardized Testing on Teachers and Learning Another Look explains the main causes of pressure from standardized testing. School districts use the scores to evaluate teachers and hold teachers accountable for the scores. Insufficient performance could endanger the teachers job and poten... ...a.edu/products/reports/Tech334.pdfHicks, Molly G. The Cons of Standardized Testing. Standardized Testing. n.p., 2005. Web. 14 April 2012. http//astro.temple.edu/mhicks/standardizedtestingcon.htmlHow Standar dized Testing Damages Education. Fairtest. n.p., 20 Aug 2007. Web. 17 April 2012. http//www.fairtest.org/facts/howharm.htmKohn, Alfie. Standardized Testing and Its Victims. Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education, 27 Sep. 2000. Web. 15 April 2012. http//www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2000/09/27/04kohn.h20.htmlNo Child Left Behind. Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education, 19 Sep. 2011. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. http//www.fairtest.org/facts/howharm.htmYoung, Katie. Whats So Bad About Standardized Testing? Standardized Testing. Michigan State University, n.d. Web. 17 April 2012. https//www.msu.edu/youngka7/cons.html

The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emily Essay

The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A travel for Emily A Rose for Emily, by Faulkner, provides not only innumerable detail only when also a complex structure. Long after the reader has learned to make out and discuss the function of significant detail, they often continue to battle with the influence of structure on a story. The imagery of changing portraits in A Rose for Emily allows the reader to explore both to find meaning. In sum to the literal portrait of Emilys father, Faulkner creates numerous figurative portraits of Emily herself by framing her in doorways or windows. The chronological organization of Emilys portraits visually imprints the changes occurring throughout her life. Like an impressionist ikon that changes as the viewer moves to different positions, however, the structural organization provides clues to the whole picture or to the motivations screw her transformations. Chronologically, the back-flung front door creates the first tableau of a new-mad e Miss Emily, assiduously guarded by her father. Miss Emily, a slender figure in white,1 typifies the vulnerable virgin, hovering in the background, subordinate and passive. The father, a spraddled project in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip (CS 123), is a menacing dark image presumptuous the dominant front position. His turned back suggests a tailor for her emotional welfare as he wards off potential danger--or violation of her maidenhead--with his horsewhip. The back-flung door invites suitors in, but only those who meet Grierson standards. Unfortunately, those standards are unattainable--The Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were (CS 123)--and Miss Emily remains... ...cefully on her funeral bier with a simple image of love and loss, a strand of iron-gray hair resting on the yellowed lie of an impotent bridal bed. This haunting image is the fianl pen stroke whispering the eulogy of her diminished life. Notes 1 Collecte d Stories of William Faulkner (New York Vintage, 1977), 123. Hereafter CS. 2 The southern plantation owner patterned his lifestyle after the English country gentleman (Daniel Boorstin, The American The Colonial visualize Random House, 1958). In doing so, he developed a code of plow that reflected the amativeism of the medevial age. A feudal mind set--replete with courtly love, a code of honor, and a romantic quest--is evident in several of Faulkners male characters, e.g., Sutpen in Abaslom, Absalom and Hightower in Light in August. 3 The Sound and the Fury (New York Random House, 1992), 78. The Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emily EssayThe Changing Verbal Portraits of Emily in A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily, by Faulkner, provides not only innumerable details but also a complex structure. Long after the reader has learned to identify and discuss the function of significant detail, they often continue to struggle with the influence of struct ure on a story. The imagery of changing portraits in A Rose for Emily allows the reader to explore both to find meaning. In addition to the literal portrait of Emilys father, Faulkner creates numerous figurative portraits of Emily herself by framing her in doorways or windows. The chronological organization of Emilys portraits visually imprints the changes occurring throughout her life. Like an impressionist painting that changes as the viewer moves to different positions, however, the structural organization provides clues to the whole picture or to the motivations behind her transformations. Chronologically, the back-flung front door creates the first tableau of a youthful Miss Emily, assiduously guarded by her father. Miss Emily, a slender figure in white,1 typifies the vulnerable virgin, hovering in the background, subordinate and passive. The father, a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip (CS 123), is a menacing dark image assuming t he dominant front position. His turned back suggests a disregard for her emotional welfare as he wards off potential danger--or violation of her maidenhead--with his horsewhip. The back-flung door invites suitors in, but only those who meet Grierson standards. Unfortunately, those standards are unattainable--The Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were (CS 123)--and Miss Emily remains... ...cefully on her funeral bier with a simple image of love and loss, a strand of iron-gray hair resting on the yellowed pillow of an impotent bridal bed. This haunting image is the fianl pen stroke whispering the eulogy of her wasted life. Notes 1 Collected Stories of William Faulkner (New York Vintage, 1977), 123. Hereafter CS. 2 The southern planter patterned his lifestyle after the English country gentleman (Daniel Boorstin, The American The Colonial Experience Random House, 1958). In doing so, he developed a code of conduct that reflected the romanticism of the me devial age. A feudal mind set--replete with courtly love, a code of honor, and a romantic quest--is evident in several of Faulkners male characters, e.g., Sutpen in Abaslom, Absalom and Hightower in Light in August. 3 The Sound and the Fury (New York Random House, 1992), 78.

Does Abortion Have Severe Psychological Effects? Essays -- essays rese

miscarriage is the termination of a pregnancy by destruction of a fertilized egg, embryo or fetus before birth, prior to the time when the fetus attains viability, or capacity for life outside the uterus (Encyclopedia, 1995, p.43). Currently al about twenty-five percent of pregnancies in the joined States ar aborted. About one forth of people who abort are teenagers, fifty-s however percent are younger than 25, and almost eighty percent are unmarried. During the first trimester is when most of the abortions take place. Only some ten percent are performed later in the pregnancy (Slife, 1998, p.329). Abortions go back as off the beaten track(predicate) as Ancient Greece where it was used as a type of population control. Then in the Roman Times men had total control everywhere the procedure. Man could give law-enforced command that his wife have an abortion, or he could punish or divorce his wife for having one without his consent (Encyclopedia, 1995, p.43). Today legion(predica te) people ask the question, does abortion have severe psychological effects? People that are pro-life claim that most women who abort their unborn squirt suffer from many negative effects, such as wrongy feelings, anxiety, depression, loss, anger and even suicide. In one case a woman had an abortion take for granted that it would take away all of the stress of being pregnant and thinking about the consequences of having a child. Afterwards she said, I was unprepared for the maze of emotions that hit me subsequently I had the procedure. Instead of feeling relieved, I was awash in anxiety and confusion (Lawlor, 2002, par.3). The disorder of having negative effects after an abortion is called Post Abortion Syndrome or PAS. In order to tell if a woman has PAS she has to be completely honest with herself and admit the feelings that she has. The symptoms that most women have are strong feelings of guilt and confusion. Some cases are much more extreme, for example, there was a sevente en year old who developed lethargy, malaise, and vomiting. Doctors where unable to reach a conclusion about her condition until the anniversary of her abortion when she experienced overt psychosis. Mental examinations also revealed signs of hallucinations, as well as psychotic thought processes. Research has shown that in most cases women will go on and say they are fine about the whole thing, and many years later be ... ...then you will non even think twice about having one. I dont agree with abortions at a certain extent. If I got pregnant I am not sure what I would do because I wouldnt want to grow up that fast, and I would want to finish college and get a best ancestry that way I know for sure I could support my child like I would want to, but if I did have a good job and me and my boyfriend had a steady relationship, then abortion wouldnt even cross my mind.4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Speckhand and Rues proposal that post abortion syndrome occurs in some wom en following abortion?I think they did a very good job of describing what post abortion is and what affects it has on women, but I think they could have done a better job of what causes women to have post abortion like Adler did in his argument. ReferencesEncyclopedia Americana. (1995). Definition of Abortion. (pp.43). Danbury, CT Groiler inc.Lawlor, Jessica. (2002). hanker Term Physiological and Psychological Effects of Abortion on Women. Retrieved March 21, 2001 from http//www.cirtl.org/syndrome.htmSlife, B., Ed. (1998). Taking Sides Clashing Views on Controversial Psychological Issues, 10th ed. (pp.329-350). Gui